Primary Activities class 12 Notes Geography

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Class 12 Geography notes Chapter 5 Primary Activities

Download CBSE class 12th revision notes for chapter 5 Primary Activities in PDF format for free. Download revision notes for Primary Activities class 12 Notes Geography and score high in exams. These are the Primary Activities class 12 Notes prepared by team of expert teachers. The revision notes help you revise the whole chapter 5 in minutes. Revision notes in exam days is one of the best tips recommended by teachers during exam days.

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CBSE Revision Notes of Class 12 Geography Chapter 5 Primary Activities

HUNITING AND GATHERING

Depend on their immediate environment
Depend on animals they hunted and edible plants which they gathered
Primitive societies depend on hunting and gathering , fishing.
oldest occupation, practiced in harsh climatic conditions
depend on animals , for food , shelter, clothing
small capital, low level of technology,
Practiced in High latitude areas such as Eurasia, Southern Chile. Low latitude such as Amazon, Congo , S.E. Asian countries
in modern market some gathering is done such as leaves, bark nuts, fabric rubber, balata, gums and resins.

PASTORALISM

NOMEDIC HERDING:

herders depend on animals for food, transport, and shelter and clothing.
Keep on moving from one place to another along with their animals.
Each nomadic community occupies a well identified territory
Variety of animals are kept indifferent regions
Sahara& Asiatic deserts: sheep, goat, & camel
Tibet: yak, Andes: llamas, arctic region: Reindeer

REGIONS:

Core regions extending from alantic coast of n.africa through
Arabian peninsula to central china
Second Regioin extenda in tundr region of eurasia
Third region is found in s.w africa and madagascar

Transhumance: seasonal movement of people alongment with their herds to mountains in summere and plains in winter.

Ex. Gujjars, Bakarwals, Gaddis& Bhotias in Himalayas

The number of pastoral nomads is decreasing due to

Imposition of political boundaries
New settlement plans by different countries

COMMERCIAL LIVE STOCK REARING

It is more organized
Capital intensive
practised in permanent ranches
larger areas and divided in to parcels
Animals are moved from one parcel to another
Number of animals are kept based on capacity of the pasture
Animals are sheep, cattle, goats and horses and products are meat, wool, hides and skin
Practiced in New Zealand, Australia Argentina Uruguay and USA.

AGRICULTURE

TYPES OF AGRICULTURE

SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE

a. primitive subsistence agriculture

b. intensive subsistence agriculture

primitive subsistence agriculture:

Also called shifting cultivation/ slash and burn agriculture
Practicved by tribes in topics
Land holdings are small
Do not use fertilizers
Change the land frequently
After 5 years they come back again.
It is called JHUMING in N.E. INDIA , MILPA in South America, LADANG in Malaysia

INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE:

Found in density populated areas
there are two types

A. INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE DOMINATED BY WET PADDY CULTIVATION

a. dominated by rice crop,

b. land holdings are very small

c. family labor is used

d. less use of machine

e. manual labor is used

f. Farm yard manure is used

g. Yield per unit is high but per labor is low

B. INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE DOMINATED BY OTHER CROPS.

a. depend on climate , soil, relief other crops are cultivated.

b. mainly practiced in SE ASIA.

c. wheat, barley, soya bean, sorghum are cultivated

d. in India wheat is grown in western parts of Ganga plain

e. millets are grown in western parts of south India

f. irrigation is used

g. Europeans introduced Plantation agriculture

PLANTATION AGRICULTURE

Introduced by Europeans
Found in tropics
Important crops are tea, coffee, cocoa, rubber, cotton, oil palm, sugarcane ,banana, &pine apples
Large estates, capital, managerial, technical support
Scientific methods of cultivation
Single crop specialization,
Cheap labour
Good system of transport
Export oriented

10. (a)The French established cocoa and coffee in west Africa

(b)The British setup tea gardens in India and Sri Lanka Rubber plantation in Malaysia, sugarcane and banana in west indies

(d) Dutch started sugarcane in Indonesia

(e) coffee Fazandas are managed by British in Brazil

EXTENSIVE COMMERCIAL GRAIN CULTIVATION

Practiced in semiarid land of mid-latitudes
het is the main crop
Corn, barley oats and rye are grown
Large land holdings
Machines are used
Low yield per acre but high yield per person
Practiced in prairies, pampas, veldts, down, Canterbury plains.

DAIRY FARMING

Most advanced and efficient type of animal rearing
Highly capital intensive
Animal shed, storage facilities, mulching machines are used
Special emphasis is laid on breeding health care
Highly labour intensive
No off season
Practiced nearby urban areas and industries
Development of transportation, refrigeration pasteurization have increased the marketing

MEDITERRANEAN AGRICULTURE

Highly specialized commercial agriculture
Practiced in the countries around Mediterranean sea also central Chile, SW Africa ,SW Australia& California
It is an important supplier of citrus fruits
VITICULTURE is specialized in this region
Best quality wine is produced from grapes
Low quality grapes are used for raisins, and currants
Olives and figs are also grown
Fruits and vegetable are grown in winter which are great demand in Europe

MARKET GARDENING AND HORTICULTURE

Vegetable, fruits and flowers are grown
Small farms, located nearby urban areas
Good transportation is required
Labor and capital intensive
Use of irrigation, HYV seeds, fertilizers & pesticides are used
Green houses and artificial heating is used in cold regions
Practiced in NW Europe , NE USA & Mediterranean regions
Netherlands is famous in growing tulips flower
The regions where vegetable are grown is called TRUCK FARMING

FACTORY FARMING

Factory farming is also practiced in NW Europe
It consists of poultry farming livestock rearing
They are fed on factory feedstuff and carefully supervised against diseases
Heavy capital investments
Veterinary services, heating and lightning is provided
Breed selection and scientific breeding is important feature

COPERATIVE FARMING

A group of farmers form a society
Pool their resources to get more profit
Individual farms remain intact
Farming is a matter of cooperative initiative
Societies help farmers in getting agriculture inputs
Sell the products at the most favorable terms
Help in processing products at cheaper rates
Practiced in Denmark, Netherlands, Belgium, Sweden & Italy

COLLECTIVE FARMING

Social owner ship for means of production and labour
It is also called as KOLKHOZ
It was introduced in erstwhile USSR
Farmers pool their resources like land livestock labour
A small land is allowed to retain of their own to grow their own crops
Yearly targets are fixed by the government
Government fixes the product rates
Excess produce is distributed among the farmers
The farmers are to pay taxes for their own land
Members are paid according to their nature of the work
Exceptional work is rewarded by the government

MINING

There are stages of minerals copper age, bronze age, iron age
Actual development is started with the industrialization

FACTORS AFFECTION MINING ACTIVITY

Physical factors such as size, grade, and mode of occurrence of mineral
Economic factors such as demand for mineral, technology available, capital , labor, and transportation

METHODS OF MINING

1. Depend on mode of occurrence of mineral there are two types of mining

A. SURFACE /OPENCAST MINING

Easiest , and cheapest mining
Occur close to the surface
Low safety precautions
Large and quick output

B. UNDERGROUND/SHAFT MINING

Vertical shafts to be sunk
Minerals are extracted and sent to surface
It requires specialized drills , lifts, haulage vehicles ,ventilation systems
This method is risky poisonous gases, fires, floods and caving leads to accidents
It requires large investment
Developed countries are showing less interest but developing countries are more interest due to large labor availability

CBSE Class-12 Revision Notes and Key Points

Primary Activities class 12 Notes Geography. CBSE quick revision note for class-12 Geography, Chemistry, Math’s, Biology and other subject are very helpful to revise the whole syllabus during exam days. The revision notes covers all important formulas and concepts given in the chapter. Even if you wish to have an overview of a chapter, quick revision notes are here to do if for you. These notes will certainly save your time during stressful exam days.

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