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CBSE Guide Human Settlements class 12 Notes Geography

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12 Geography notes Chapter 10 Human Settlements

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CBSE class 12 Geography (Book-1)

CHAPTER-10

Human Settlements class 12 Notes Geography

Classification of settlements

Rural settlements Urban settlements

Patterns of settlements

1. Compact or nucleated settlements

2. Dispersed settlements

RURAL SETTLEMENTS

FACTORS INFLUENCING RURAL SETTLEMENTS

1. Water supply

2. Land

3. Upland,

4. Building material

5. Defense

PLANNED SETTLEMENTS

1. Constructed by government

2. Provide shelter, water and drainage facilities

3. Provide infrastructure facilities

4. Ex .villagisation in Ethiopia  ,Rajasthan canal in  India

RURAL SETTLEMENT PATTERN

I. BASED ON SETTING

1. Plain village,

2. plateau villages

3. Coastal villages

4. Forest villages

5. Desert villages

II. BASED ON FUNCTION

1. Farming, 2. fisherman villages, 3. lumber jack villages 4. pastoral villages

III.  BASED ON SHAPE

1. LINEAR 2. RECTANGULAR 3. CIRCULAR 4. STAR SHAPED, 5. T-SHAPED 6. DOUBLE VILLAGE  7. CROSS SHAPED VILLAGE

PROBLEMS OF RURAL SETTLEMENTS

1. Lack of infrastructure

2. Supply of water

3. road facility

4. Waterborne diseases

5. drough and flood

6. absence of toilet and garbage disposal

7: lack of ventilation

8. Lack of health facilities and education

URBAN SETTLEMENTS

·   The first city reached one million was London by 1810

·   By 1982 there were 175 countries reached one million population

·   48 % of population lives in Urban settlements

CLASSIFICATION OF URBAN SETTLEMENTS

POPULATION SIZE

Criteria for urban centers in various countries

·   1500 in Columbia

·   2000 in Argentina &Portugal

·   2500 in USA and Thailand

·   5000 in India

·   30,000 in Japan

·   Density is more than 400 persons /sq km

·   More than 75% of people work in other than primary occupation

·   250 persons /sq km in Sweden and Denmark Finland

·   300 in Iceland 1000 in Canada and Venezuela

ADMINISTRATION 

Municipality, cantonment board, notified area council in India is considered as urban center

Latin America all administrative centers are urban centers

LOCATION

1. Military center,

2. Seaport

3. Strategic towns,

4. mining towns,

5. Tourist towns

6. Recreational town,

7. Educational towns

8. industrial towns

9. administrative town

10. commercial towns

CLASSIFICATION OF TOWNS ON THE BASIS OF FORMS

1. Linear,

2. Square,

3 square

4. Crescent

5. Planned cities

Ex. ADDIS ABABA( THE NEW FLOWER)  CANBERRA BASED ON SIZE

·   TOWN: enlarged villages manufacturing, retail, wholesale, professional services

·   CITY: it is a leading town, greater number of functions, transport terminals, major financial institutions, regional administrative offices

·   CONURBATION: coined by PATRICK GEDDES in 1915  . merging  number of towns / cities ex. London, Manchester, Chicago ,Tokyo

·   MEGOLOPOLIS

USED PY Jean Guttmann : super metropolitan  region it is a union of conurbations  ex Boston to  Washington

Million city: London is the first town to reach one million in 1800  followed by Paris in 1850, new York 1860, 1950  there were 80 cities  438 in 2005

DISTRIBUTION OF MEGACITIES

Pop. More than 10 million , New York  is the first to attain this status in 1950 with pop 12.5 million

There are 25 megacities at present.

PROBLEMS OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

1. Unsustainable concentration of population

2.  Congested housing and streets

3. Lack of drinking water

4. Lack of electricity, sewage disposal health and education facilities

5.  Lack of transport facilities

6. Health and education facilities

7. Water and air pollution

PROBLEMS OF URBAN SETTLEMENTS

I. ECONOMIC PROBLEMS

1. Decreasing employment

2. Pool of semiskilled labour

3. Saturated employment opportunities

II.  SOCIO CULTURAL PROBLEMS

1. Lack of health and educational facilities,

2. Transport facilities

3. Unbalanced sex ratio,

4. Social ills,

5. Insufficient financial Resources,

6. Lack of basic needs

III. ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS

1. Lack of urban waste disposal,

2. Lack of potable water,

3. Improper sewerage facilities

4. Create heat islands,

5 Air pollution, water pollution, Noise pollution

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