Following are the branches Physical Geography:
(i)Geomorphology is devoted to the study of landforms, their evolution and related processes.
(ii)Climatology encompasses the study of structure of atmosphere and elements of weather and climates and climatic types and regions.
(iii)Hydrology studies the realm of water over the surface of the earth including oceans, lakes, rivers and other water bodies and its effect on different life forms including human life and their activities.

(iv)Soil Geography is devoted to study the processes of soil formation, soil types, their fertility status, distribution and use

This reactant generally determines when the reaction will stop. The exact amount of reactant which will be needed to react with another element can be calculated from the reaction stoichiometry. The limiting reagent depends on the mole ratio, not on the masses of the reactants present.

From the illustration shown above, it can be observed that the limiting reactant is the reason the reaction cannot continue since there is nothing left to react with the excess reactant. it is the reactant that entirely consumed over the course of the reaction.

Limiting Reagent Examples

Consider 1 mol of oxygen and 1 mol of hydrogen are present to undergo the following reaction.

2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O

Since the reaction uses up hydrogen twice as fast as oxygen, the limiting reactant would be hydrogen.

Cylinder seals were a small, carved stone cylinder that was used to make an impression in wet clay. When rolled on the wet clay, the seal left an impression that could prove ownership or identity. These small—about an inch to an inch and a half long—seals are delicate works of art, intricately carved with the tiny figures of gods, beasts and men, usually relating a myth, a banquet or an heroic deed.

For 3,000 years cylinder seals were used all over Mesopotamia and wherever Mesopotamian influence was felt. Most were made of stone, whether limestone or semi-precious stones such as carnelian or lapis lazuli. Some were made of copper, bronze, gold, ivory or bone.

Let A(1,2,3)andB(3,2,-1) are the given points and P(x,y,z) is the point that is equidistant from these two points.
Then, PA=√(x-1)²+(y-2)²+(z-3)²
PA=√x²+y²+z²-2x-4y-6z+14
PB=√(x-3)²+(y-2)²+(z+1)²
PB=√x²+y²+z²-6x-4y+2z+14
As, we are given, PA=PB
∴√x²+y²+z²-2x-4y-6z+14
=√x²+y²+z²-6x-4y+2z+14
⇒x²+y²+z²-2x-4y-6z+14
=x²+y²+z²-6x-4y+2z+14
⇒4x=8z
⇒x-2z=0, which is the required equation.

Moles of CO₂​= 4.4​/ 44 =0.1 moles

∴ Number of molecules of CO₂​=0.1×6.022×10²³

=6.022×10²² molecules

But 1 molecule of CO_2​ contains 2 oxygen atoms.

∴ Number of oxygen atoms=2×6.022×10²²

=12.044×10²² atoms

=1.2×10²³ atoms

Organized Government: The rulers were inscribed in stone.Mesopotamia was ruled by Hammurabi.The weak and powerless were protected.The Laws of Hammurabi are the longest and best organized collections of lawRuled by kings- had absolute power
Complex Religion: Had a polytheistic belief systemWorshipped many gods and goddesses- influenced much of what happened to them in their livesMeaning of life was to live life contentlyReligion helped them face dangers and their fears
Job Specialization: Some of the jobs in ancient Mesopotamia included farming, pottery, weaving, teachers, astronomers, and livestock raisingTrading was also a big deal in Mesopotamia
Social Classes: There are 6 different social classes in the Ancient Mesopotamia Hierarchy: Kings, Priest, Scribes, Merchants and Artisans, Commoners, and Slaves. King: Was the top rank holder of the social class Ancient Mesopotamia; the king created the laws for the civilization; served as the head of the armyPriest: the upper class; considered as the doctors of that time; very influential because religion was important during that timeScribes: the upper class; well educated; undergo a training program to be a scribeMerchants and Artisans: the upper class; had a major role in creating wealth and growth of the civilizationCommoners: laboring lower class; engaged in agriculture; not educatedThe Slaves: were at the bottom of the social class; had no rights and worked for the upper class
Arts and Architecture: Arts included paintings, sculptures, and pictures of life and religion.Some buildings in Mesopotamia were ziggurats and the some of the citizens lived in caves.Art and poetry was a big part of the wealthy citiesArt had religious theme that honored the godsThey enjoyed music and sports
Public Work: The king had made irrigation works to boost the economy.Some types of public work are making irrigation systems, building ziggurats, creating sewage systems, making moats, and building public bathrooms.

Writing:  The earliest writing was based on pictographs, that were used to communicate basic information.Over time, the need for writing changed and cuneiform was developed. Cuneiform was the official Mesopotamia writing form.Mesopotamia scribes recorded daily events, trade. astronomy, and literature on clay tablets. They kept excellent records and list of things. 

Gender Roles in Roman Empire

1.One of the more modern features of Roman society was the widespreadprevalence of the nuclear family. Adult sons did not live with theirfamilies, and it was exceptional for adult brothers to share a commonhousehold. On the other hand, slaves were included in the family.

2.The typical form of marriage was one where the wife did nottransfer to her husband’s authority but retained full rights in theproperty of her father’s family. While the woman’s dowry went to thehusband for the duration of the marriage, the woman remained aprimary heir of her father and became an independent property owneron her father’s death.

3.Marriageswere generally arranged, and there is no doubt that women were oftensubject to domination by their husbands.Whereas males married intheir late twenties or early thirties, women were married off in the lateteens or early twenties, so there was an age gap between husband andwife and this would have encouraged a certain inequality.

4.Divorce was relatively easy andneeded no more than a notice of intent to dissolve the marriage byeither husband or wife. On the other hand,Augustine, the great Catholicbishop, tells us that hismother was regularly beaten by his father and that most other wivesin the small town where he grew up had similar bruises to show!

5. Finally, fathers had substantial legal control over their children –sometimes to a shocking degree, for example, a legal power of life anddeath in exposing unwanted children, by leaving them out in the coldto die.

Papyrus, writing material of ancient times and also the plant from which it was derived, Cyperus papyrus (family Cyperaceae), also called paper plant.

Town Planning: The discovery of the Sumerian city of Ur has shed light on the lives of the early Mesopotamians. The Mesopotamian cities fell short in terms of town planning as compared to the Harappan centres but followed a uniform pattern nevertheless. The city was divided into three parts - the sacred area, the walled city on a mound and the outer town. The sacred area consisted of the temple tower or the ziggurat dedicated to the patron god of the city. There were also smaller temples of other gods. This area also had the storehouse as well as the offices. People resided in the walled city and the outer town areas. Houses were constructed along the streets, and each house had a central courtyard with rooms attached around it.

The questionnaire refers to a technique of data collection which consists of a series of written questions along with alternative answers. The schedule is a formalized set of questions, statements, and spaces for answers, provided to the enumerators who ask questions to the respondents and note down the answers.