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A caste system is one in which social standing is based on ascribed status or birth. Class systems are open, with achievement playing a role in social position. People fall into classes based on factors like wealth, income, education, and occupation. The difference between caste and class is that caste is closed, while class is open. Caste is closed because it based on religion like the caste system in India where power is only obtain based on the caste the people were part of.
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Yogita Ingle 1 month ago
Laws may be formal and written exercised by institutions e.g.; Parliament, police.
Laws are explicit-very clear on paper and are the same for everybody in that society. They also provide severe, specific, unchangeable punishment. Rewards in forms of citations, medal, honor, cash prize, Bharat Ratna. Formal laws are the same everywhere and depend upon societal requirement.
Norms: Norms are informal and unwritten. They are exercised by the primary group which includes family and friends.
Laws are:
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Gaurav Seth 1 month ago
Doing Sociology: Research Methods class 11 Notes Sociology
Steps in Research Process
Methodological issues in social research
Objectivity
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Gaurav Seth 1 month, 1 week ago
Authority : is defined by Max Weber as legitimate power - that is, power considered to be justified or proper, e.g. authority of a teacher, a police officer, etc.
Types of Authority
Rational Legal:
Also known as bureaucratic authority, is when power is legitimized by legally enacted rules and regulations such as governments. Eg. Government officials wield this type of authority in most countries of the world. Bureaucracies are the result of this type of authority.
Charismatic:
Power legitimized by extraordinary personal abilities that inspire devotion and obedience. Examples in this regard can be NT Rama Rao, a matinee idol, who went on to become one of the most powerful Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh.
Posted by Tanu Sharma 1 month, 1 week ago
Yogita Ingle 1 month, 1 week ago
Material culture refers to the physical objects, resources, and spaces that people use to define their culture. These include homes, neighborhoods, cities, schools, churches, synagogues, temples, mosques, offices, factories and plants, tools, means of production, goods and products, stores, and so forth. All of these physical aspects of a culture help to define its members' behaviors and perceptions. For example, technology is a vital aspect of material culture in today's United States. American students must learn to use computers to survive in college and business, in contrast to young adults in the Yanomamo society in the Amazon who must learn to build weapons and hunt.
Posted by Tanu Sharma 1 month, 1 week ago
Gaurav Seth 1 month, 1 week ago
Altruism: The principle of acting to benefit others without any selfishness or self-interest.
Sociologists understand altruism as a 'principle of unselfish regard for the needs and interests of others'. Durkheim studied some forms of suicide a category of altruistic sacrifice some individuals make for their societies in particular contexts, whether it be due to a strong sense of social cohesion or tradition.
Posted by Tanu Sharma 1 month, 1 week ago
Gaurav Seth 1 month, 1 week ago
Caste | Class |
Castes are perceived as hereditary groups with a fixed ritual status according to Max Weber’s phraseology | A person’s Class is based on social status, wealth and power acquired, level of education and other achievements. |
A person belonging to certain caste has to follow certain traditions, rituals and customs | A person belonging to a certain class is not bound by customs, rituals or traditions. |
According to Sociologists such as Louis Dumon and Edmund Leach, caste is unique to the Indian sub-continent | Classes are usually found in highly industrialized countries located in Europe, North America. |
Inter caste marriage leads to disputes between family members and members of different castes. | If there is a marriage between two people belonging to different classes, it does not evoke any kind of disputes between members of different Class. |
The caste system does not promote democracy, since it severely limits equal opportunity to rise from an individual’s station | Class system does not act as a hindrance to democracy, since classification is based on education, social status, and the work one does. |
Occupational mobility is one of the biggest banes of the Caste system. A person has to continue in the line of work of his ancestors irrespective of his interest, education and skills. | Social class does not act as a hindrance to occupational mobility. A person belonging to any class can change his occupations based on his skills, education and interests. |
The caste system has religious connotations. | The class system is not based on any religion. |
The Social Gap between people belonging to different castes is very wide which is not healthy for the overall progress of a nation | The Social gap between people belonging to different classes is narrower when compared to the gap that is prevalent among people belonging to different Castes. |
Caste System is static | The class system is dynamic |
There is no scope for vertical social mobility since the division is solely determined by birth. | There is ample scope for vertical social mobility for people belonging to different classes since it is dependent on one’s abilities, nature of work, education, acquisition of wealth, status etc. |
Caste system works as a political force. | Class system does not act as a political force. |
Cumulative Inequality is a distinctive feature of the caste system | Dispersed Inequality is a distinctive feature of the class system |
Yogita Ingle 1 month, 1 week ago
Caste | Class |
Castes are perceived as hereditary groups with a fixed ritual status according to Max Weber’s phraseology | A person’s Class is based on social status, wealth and power acquired, level of education and other achievements. |
A person belonging to certain caste has to follow certain traditions, rituals and customs | A person belonging to a certain class is not bound by customs, rituals or traditions. |
According to Sociologists such as Louis Dumon and Edmund Leach, caste is unique to the Indian sub-continent | Classes are usually found in highly industrialized countries located in Europe, North America. |
Inter caste marriage leads to disputes between family members and members of different castes. | If there is a marriage between two people belonging to different classes, it does not evoke any kind of disputes between members of different Class. |
The caste system does not promote democracy, since it severely limits equal opportunity to rise from an individual’s station | Class system does not act as a hindrance to democracy, since classification is based on education, social status, and the work one does. |
Occupational mobility is one of the biggest banes of the Caste system. A person has to continue in the line of work of his ancestors irrespective of his interest, education and skills. | Social class does not act as a hindrance to occupational mobility. A person belonging to any class can change his occupations based on his skills, education and interests. |
Posted by Tanu Sharma 1 month, 1 week ago
Yogita Ingle 1 month, 1 week ago
Division of labour refers to the method of organising production where the work required to produce a product is divided into different specialized tasks with different workers specializing in each task.
The four ways in which division of labour will influence production in an economy are as follows:
i. Quality of production improves - Division of labour leads to an increase in the efficiency of labour which further leads not only to an increase in the quantity of output but also to an improvement in the quality of the produced goods and services.
ii. Large scale production - Division of labour makes large scale production possible. Indeed, scale production requires division of labour. If a car manufacturing company, for instance wishes to make 10000 cars in a year but does not introduce division of labour in its factory, it will have to employ so many workers that it will not be an economically viable company. It is by virtue of division of labour that the company can produce 10000 cars per year with a reasonable number of workers.
iii. Reduced average cost - Since division of labour increases total output, even with an unchanged number of labourers, the average cost of producing a commodity falls. This is a social advantage. Society can produce goods by incurring lower average cost of production.
iv. Lower prices of output - The reduced average cost of the products leads to reduced prices of the outputs in the market. As a result, consumers are benefitted.
Gaurav Seth 1 month, 1 week ago
Divisin of Labour :
1. It means labour will be distributed among the different individuals having different skills of specializations.
2. Division of labour became popular in modern and complex societies after the Industrial Revolution.
3. With the increase of division of labour in modern societies, individuals are more than ever functionally connected by their mutual needs.
4. Due to this process, every labour (usually) is specialised, individuals become more dependent on others to perform separate economic functions, which they are not able to carry out themselves
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Buddhism |
Jainism |
Rebirth is one of the principal beliefs in Buddhism. It is thought that the endless cycle of birth and re-birth can only be broken by attaining <i>Nirvana </i>(Enlightenment) | Jainism believes that the circle of rebirths and deaths will continue due to good or bad deeds until liberation is achieved |
Scriptures include <i>Tripitaka</i>, which is a vast text consisting of 3 sections: the Discipline, the Discourse and the Commentaries. | Jain religious texts are called <i>Agamas</i> |
The principal teaching of Buddhism is that life is suffering and to escape suffering (end cause of desire) one needs to dispel ignorance by realizing the Four Noble Truths and practising the Eightfold Path | Jainism lays emphasis on the respect of all living beings. Liberation from the cycle of rebirths is attained by taking the Five Vows and following the principles of the Three Jewels |
Sin is not a concept in Buddhism | Sin is defined as harm to others |
Buddhism is divided into two major sects upon the death of Gautama Buddha. They are the Mahayana and the Theravada | Svetambara and Digambara are the two major sects of Jainism |
According to some texts in Buddhism, there are beings in heaven but they are bound by “<i>samsara”</i>. They suffer less bu they ave, not yet achieved salvation | Deities in Jainism are known as <i>“Titrtheneakas”. </i> But they are not worshipped in the conventional sense as they are regarded as wise teachers whose teachings must be followed |
Buddhism was founded in modern-day Nepal by Prince Siddhartha in the 6th century B.C | Scholars of religion generally hold that Jainism originated in the 7th–5th century BC in Northern India. Mahavira, also known as Vardhamana was the 24th Tirthankara (Spiritual Teacher) of Jainism |
Followers of Buddhism can be found mainly in Thailand, Cambodia, Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Tibet, Japan, Myanmar (Burma), Laos, Vietnam, China, Mongolia, Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong and Taiwan | Followers of Jainism are found mainly in India, lower Asian subcontinent throughout, and America. Small groups exist in most countries |
Posted by Karina Rai 1 month, 3 weeks ago
Yogita Ingle 1 month, 3 weeks ago
Industrial capitalism came to villages and cities of modern world so many workers started to work and stay.
Many number of shops also came as a result. In fact, it also increased problem of bad sanitation and overpopulation.
Industrial Revolution have gained wealth across all nature of capitalism aspects across the smaller in scale.
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