Polytene chromosomes are large chromosomes which have thousands of DNA strands. They provide a high level of function in certain tissues such as salivary glands. They are produced when repeated rounds of DNA replication without cell division forms a giant chromosome. Thus polytene chromosomes form when multiple rounds of replication produce many sister chromatids which stay fused together.

Megasporophyll is a leaflike structure that bears the megasporangia. In angiosperms and gymnosperms it is represented by the carpel and ovuliferous scale respectively. Microsporophyll is a modified leaf that bears the microsporangia. In angiosperms and gymnosperms it is represented by the stamens and male scales respectively.

Ribosomes in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells slightly differ. However, prokaryotes have 70S ribosomes, each consisting of a (small) 30S and a (large) 50S subunit whereas ,eukaryotes have 80S ribosomes, each consisting of (small) 40S and a bound (large) 60S submit.
Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes are composed of ribosomal RNA and ribosomal proteins. Their basic functioning is protein synthesis.

Female reproductive system consists of two large ovaries which lie on the lateral side of the 2nd to 6th abdominal segments. Each ovary consists of 8 ovarioles containing beaded strings of developing ova. Each ovary gives rise to oviduct. Two oviducts from either side join to form common oviduct which open into ******. ****** opens into the genital chamber. A pair of spermatheca present in the 6th segment open into genital chamber.

During copulation, sperm is transferred through spematophores. After copulation, female cockroach secretes a capsule called ootheca which contains the fertilised eggs. Ootheca is a brownish capsule of 8 mm length with fertilised eggs. At about 10 oothecae are laid by the female in the cracks and crevices found in the house. Each ootheca has at about 14 to 16 eggs. Development of cockroach includes nymph stage. Nymph moults around 13 times to transform into an adult.

Nuclear pores are tiny holes present in the nuclear membrane of the nucleus. They are formed by the fusion of two nuclear membranes.
These holes allow specific substances to be transferred into a cell and out from it. They allow molecules such as RNA and proteins to move in both directions, between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

The inner ear contains vestibular apparatus that helps maintain the body’s balance. It consists of three semi-circular canals and the otolith organ which consists of the saccule and utricle, responsible for maintaining the body’s balance and posture.