• Prehistory: Time period in the past when there was no paper or the written word and hence no books or written accounts of events. Information about such an age is obtained from excavations which reveal paintings, pottery, habitat, etc.
• Drawings and paintings were the oldest form of artistic expression practised by humans. Reasons for such drawings: Either to decorate their homes or/and to keep a journal of events in their lives.
• Lower and Middle Palaeolithic Periods have not shown any evidence of artworks so far. The Upper Palaeolithic Age shows a lot of artistic activities.
• Earliest paintings in India are from the Upper Palaeolithic Age.
• The first discovery of rock paintings in the world was made in India by archaeologist Archibald Carlleyle in 1867 – 68 (in Sohagighat, Mirzapur District, Uttar Pradesh).
• Rock paintings have been found in the walls of caves at Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Karnataka, some in the Kumaon Hills of Uttarakhand.
• Paintings at the rock shelters at Lakhudiyar on the banks of the Suyal River (Uttarakhand) –

1. 3 categories of paintings: man, animal and geometric patterns in black, white and red ochre.
2. Humans in stick-like forms, a long-snouted animal, a fox, a multiple-legged lizard, wavy lines, groups of dots and rectangle-filled geometric designs, hand-linked dancing humans.

• Paintings in Kupgallu (Telangana), Piklihal and Tekkalkota (both in Karnataka)

1. Mostly in white and red ochre.
2. Subjects are bulls, sambhars, elephants, sheep, gazelles, goats, horses, stylised humans and tridents.

• Paintings in the Vindhya ranges at Madhya Pradesh extending into Uttar Pradesh –

1. About 500 rock shelters at Bhimbetka in the Vindhya Hills at Madhya Pradesh.
2. Images of hunting, dancing, music, elephant and horse riders, honey collection, animal fighting, decoration of bodies, household scenes, etc.
3. Bhimbetka drawings can be categorised into 7 Periods.
   1. Period I: Upper Palaeolithic
   2. Period II: Mesolithic
   3. Period III: Chalcolithic

• Two major sites of prehistoric rock/cave paintings in India: Bhimbetka Caves and Jogimara Caves (Amarnath, Madhya Pradesh).

The art objects such as paintings which were mostly found in india ajanta caves tell us about the life of buddha and and they were mostly placed to decorate the homes of the rich but in indus valley civilization the paintings were as an indentification on their currencies on which some animal burials or fossils were used

• All natural earthquakes occur in the lithosphere.
• Seismic wave studies offer a full picture of the layered interior.
• An earthquake is, simply put, shaking of the earth’s crust.
• It is caused due to the energy release, which triggers waves that travel in all directions.
• The emanation of energy occurs along a fault.
• A fault is a sharp break in the crustal rocks.
• Rocks along a fault generally move in opposing directions.

1. How to Draw a Peacock

Step 1

Draw an oval. This will be the torso of our peacock.

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Step 2

Draw a long, S-shaped neck with an oval head at one end.

Step 3

Sketch the legs below the ankles ("reversed knees"). Drawing them this way can help you establish the pose without getting caught up in the details.

Step 4

Draw the upper part of the legs. These will be hidden under the feathers, but it helps to know where they are.

Step 5

Sketch the curve of the beak. Peacocks are related to chickens, so you can use a chicken beak as a reference.

Step 6

Sketch the curve of the wings. Peacocks tend to keep them low when they fan their tail. The wings are covered by the tail mostly, but some parts may stay visible, so we need to know where they are.

Step 7

Draw all the toes. Again, these are just like chicken feet!

Step 8

Outline the neck, starting thin right by the head and then getting wider as you get closer to the torso.

Step 9

Finish the beak.

Step 10

Draw an oval eye.

Step 11

Add a nose hole.

Step 12

Draw the "crown" on the head.

Step 13

Add details to the legs and feet.

Step 14

Finish the wings.

Step 1: Start with a circle

<a href="https://rapidfireart.com/2015/12/07/how-to-draw-a-face-in-8-steps/#"></a>

Draw a large circle and make a horizontal line below it for the chin. Then sketch the jawline. Draw a vertical line down the center of the face and make sure both sides of the face are symmetrical.

Step 2: Draw guidelines on the face

<a href="https://rapidfireart.com/2015/12/07/how-to-draw-a-face-in-8-steps/#"></a>

There are 2 ways to do this step: Ruler or no ruler. I highly recommend using the ruler method for the first couple of faces you draw. Why? Because doing this step without it can throw your proportions off like crazy. Especially if you have trouble locating the ‘center’ of an object with your eyes. The no ruler method requires you to split multiple sections of the face in half and then in half again.

Ruler Method: Make a ruler beside your drawing that is the same height. The ruler should be marked so there are 8 equal spaces. Always start with the center line.
Draw faint lines through the face on the markings labelled CENTER LINE, 2, 3, A, and C. As you get used to this, you won’t need to draw the ruler on the side.

No Ruler Method: Without the ruler, I draw lines in this order: CENTER LINE, 2, 3, B, A, C (B is included because it’s easier to break the forehead section in half first, especially when you’re drawing freehand). This is the method I use to draw heads all the time.<a href="https://rapidfireart.com/2015/12/07/how-to-draw-a-face-in-8-steps/#"></a>

Super SIMPLE Method: If it’s still a little confusing, check out my <a href="https://rapidfireart.com/2017/10/24/how-to-draw-faces-for-beginners-easy/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">simple method here</a>. It’s also paired with a video so you can see how I do it!

Step 3: Draw eyes in the right spot

<a href="https://rapidfireart.com/2015/12/07/how-to-draw-a-face-in-8-steps/#"></a>

On the face, mark the center line with 4 ticks spread equally apart. The eyes will sit roughly on this line. Don’t be afraid to move slightly above or below the line, since eyes are usually slanted. If you want to draw more mysterious manly eyes, click <a href="https://rapidfireart.com/2017/01/19/how-to-draw-different-eye-shapes/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">here</a>.

Step 4: Draw a proportionate nose

<a href="https://rapidfireart.com/2015/12/07/how-to-draw-a-face-in-8-steps/#"></a>

Extend the 2 lines where the inner corners of each eye are located. These guidelines will determine the nose’s width. Now that we have a box, it’s time to draw the nose.
<a href="https://rapidfireart.com/2013/05/09/how-to-draw-the-nose-from-the-front/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" title="How to Draw a Nose (Front View)">Click here to see my nose tutorial!</a>
Start with a circle, resting it anywhere between line 1 and 2. You can give your male character a more chiseled appearance by drawing the nose using very angular shapes.

Step 5: Add the eyebrows

<a href="https://rapidfireart.com/2015/12/07/how-to-draw-a-face-in-8-steps/#"></a>

Extend the nose’s bridge past the eyelids to define the brow bone (this step is optional). These lines should be very light!
Using a 4B pencil, draw the eyebrows along the brow bone. Facial features that can accentuate masculinity are thick bushy eyebrows!

<a href="https://rapidfireart.com/2016/12/07/how-to-draw-eyebrows/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Click here for my in-depth tutorial on how to draw eyebrows!</a>

Step 6: Use a triangle shape to draw lips

<a href="https://rapidfireart.com/2015/12/07/how-to-draw-a-face-in-8-steps/#"></a>

Draw a vertical line down the center of each eye. This will mark the lips’ outer boundary. <a href="https://rapidfireart.com/2013/05/10/how-to-draw-lips/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" title="How to Draw Lips in 10 Easy Steps">Click here for my lips tutorial.</a> If you’ve already read it, place your triangle in the small box under the nose to start. If you drew the nose well above line 2, extend the triangle so the tip touches the nose.

Step 7: Add the ears

<a href="https://rapidfireart.com/2015/12/07/how-to-draw-a-face-in-8-steps/#"></a>

The Center Line and Line 2 mark the general boundaries for each ear.

<a href="https://rapidfireart.com/2016/12/13/how-to-draw-an-ear-from-the-front/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">In-depth tutorial on how to draw an ear from the front</a>

Step 8: Draw the hair

<a href="https://rapidfireart.com/2015/12/07/how-to-draw-a-face-in-8-steps/#"></a>
Draw the upper hairline somewhere in between line A and B. It’s up to you how large you want the forehead to be. To draw a receding hairline, go above line A. When you’re drawing a man’s face, bring in hair from the sides of the head to create a solid and visible looking hairline.

<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PGcOEkl1coU&lc=Ugwf0uM8UnRB2FU1wPl4AaABAg" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">How to draw 6 different hairstyles – 7 detailed steps</a>

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The torso or trunk is an anatomical term for the central part or core of many animal bodies (including humans) from which extend the neck and limbs. The torso includes: the thoracic segment of the trunk, the abdominal segment of the trunk, and the perineum.

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Art is described as an unstructured and open-ended form of work; that expresses emotions, feelings, and vision. Craft denotes a form of work, involving the creation of physical objects, by the use of hands and brain. Art relies on artistic merit whereas craft is based on learned skills and technique. Arts and crafts describes a wide variety of activities involving making things with one's own hands. ... William Morris, John Ruskin and others promoted an "arts and crafts" movement in the late 19th century, which popularized the phrase. Both children and adults enjoy arts and crafts.