जीवन की बुनियादी आर्थिक गतिविधियाँ वस्तुओं और सेवाओं का उत्पादन, वितरण और वितरण हैं। एक समाज को इन गतिविधियों की पूर्ति के दौरान संसाधनों की कमी का सामना करना पड़ेगा।

जैसा कि सीमित संसाधनों की उपलब्धता के कारण इस तरह की कमी स्पष्ट है, और मानवीय आवश्यकताओं की कोई सीमा नहीं है। इसलिए, आपूर्ति और मांग के बीच यह भिन्नता एक अर्थव्यवस्था की केंद्रीय समस्याओं के गठन की ओर ले जाती है।

अर्थव्यवस्था की केंद्रीय समस्याएं इन कारकों के इर्द-गिर्द घूमती हैं।

क्या उत्पादन करना है?
उत्पादन कैसे करें?
किसके लिए उत्पादन करें?
आइए इन बिंदुओं पर विस्तार से चर्चा करें।

1. क्या उत्पादन करने के लिए?

यह एक अर्थव्यवस्था में उत्पन्न होने वाली केंद्रीय समस्याओं में से एक है। यह उन वस्तुओं और सेवाओं के प्रकार से संबंधित है जिनका उत्पादन और उत्पादन की जाने वाली मात्रा की आवश्यकता होती है।

चूंकि संसाधन सीमित मात्रा में हैं, एक का अधिक उत्पादन करने से दूसरे का उत्पादन कम होगा।

2. उत्पादन कैसे करें?

यह पहलू उस प्रक्रिया या तकनीक से संबंधित है जिसके द्वारा वस्तुओं और सेवाओं का उत्पादन किया जा सकता है। आम तौर पर, ऐसी दो तकनीकें हैं जिनका उपयोग उत्पादन के लिए किया जा सकता है, जो हैं:

श्रम गहन तकनीक
राजधानी गहन तकनीक
उत्पादन के लिए तकनीक का चुनाव उस राष्ट्र में संसाधन की उपलब्धता पर निर्भर करता है, और इसलिए संसाधन आवंटन एक चुनौती बन जाता है।

3. किसके लिए उत्पादन करें?

यह समस्या उन लोगों को निर्धारित करने से संबंधित है जो उत्पादित वस्तुओं के अंतिम उपभोक्ता होंगे। चूंकि अर्थव्यवस्था में संसाधन दुर्लभ हैं, इसलिए समाज के सभी वर्गों को पूरा करना मुश्किल हो जाता है।

यह एक अर्थव्यवस्था में पसंद की समस्या के निर्माण की ओर जाता है एक अच्छा जो एक वर्ग के बीच की मांग में हो सकता है, समाज के दूसरे वर्ग के लिए मांग में नहीं हो सकता है।

आबादी के बीच आय वितरण में अंतर के कारण ऐसी स्थिति पैदा होती है, जो खरीद व्यवहार में बदलाव का कारण बनती है।
 

The graphical representation of 2x+ y= 6 is given in the figure below.
This line divides the xy-plane in two half planes, I and II.
Select a point (not on the line), which lies in one of the half planes, to determine whether the point satisfies the given inequality or not.
We select the point as (0, 0).
It is observed that,
2(0) + 0 ≥ 6 or 0 ≥ 6, which is false.
Therefore, half plane I is not the solution region of the given inequality.
Also, it is evident that any point on the line satisfies the given inequality.
Thus, the solution region of the given inequality is the shaded half plane II including the points on the line.
This can be represented as follows.

• The first steam locomotive, Stephenson’s Rocket, appeared in 1814.
• Richard Trevithick devised an engine – the ‘Puffing Devil’ in 1801 and a locomotive – ‘The Blutcher’ in 1814.
• The First railway line ran between Stockton and Darlington..
• The ‘little railway mania’ prevailed from 1833 to 1837 and the bigger ‘mania’ from 1844 to 1847.

Q u e s t i o n : Write the names of some new machineries and technologies.
A n s w e r:
Flying shuttle loom, spinning jenny, water frame, steam engine, etc.

A dielectric is a material which has poor electrical conductivity but inherits an ability to store an electrical charge(due to Dielectric polarization). Thus exhibiting only displacement current making it ideal to build a capacitor; to store and return electrical energy.

Olympic flag was created in 1913 by Baronde Coubertin. It was first inaugurated in Paris in June 1914. Olympic flag is made of white silk and contains five interlocking rings/circles in five colours representing five continents of the world namely America, Europe, Australia, Asia and Africa. The five rings have different colours namely yellow, green red blue and black. The interlocking of the ring circle symbolizes co-cooperation and friendship.

Ionic compounds have a strong molecular force of attraction and they are generally found in solid states. In these ionic solids, the molecules are arranged in a three-dimensional grid-like structure also known as a lattice structure. The amount of energy required to completely separate one mole of the solid ionic compound into constituent gaseous ions is known as lattice enthalpy.

Physical education teachers in schools instruct students about general health and physical fitness.

To be qualified these teachers should hold at least a bachelor's degree in a health-related subject to teach kindergarten through high school and a master's degree or doctorate to teach at a post secondary level. 

They are also required to have a state license or certification. They also teach students about CPR, first aid. They may also be appointed as coaches for their schools' sports teams.

The work done by a constant force of magnitude F on a point that moves a displacement d in the direction of the force is the product: W = Fd. Integration approach can be used both to calculate work done by a variable force and work done by a constant force. Aside from using the equation, another way to figure out the work being done is to use a force-distance graph. Since work is force multiplied by distance, that means that the area under the force-distance graph gives you the work done. If the force is constant, this means just finding the area of a rectangle.

The Watson-Crick Model of DNA (1953) Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) is a double-stranded, helical molecule. It consists of two sugar-phosphate backbones on the outside, held together by hydrogen bonds between pairs of nitrogenous bases on the inside.

Watson and Crick DNA Model
DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid which is a molecule that contains the instructions an organism needs to develop, live and reproduce.
It is a type of nucleic acid and is one of the four major types of macromolecules that are known to be essential for all forms of life.

• It helps in relieving muscular, emotional, and mental tension.
• Yoga Nidra relaxes the mind by relieving stress and anxiety.
• It treats insomnia, psychological disorders, and psychosomatic diseases.
• It trains the mind and helps in enhancing memory and increasing learning capacity.
• Yogic sleep also results in increased energy levels.
• Yoga Nidra not only detoxifies the body but also clears up the subconscious.
• It improves creativity.

​​​​Static friction is a force that keeps object at rest.  It must be overcome to start moving the object.

Factors on which the static firctional force depends:

1)  Force exerted by the body on the surface.

2)  Contact surface if they were rough, then friction between their surface is more and vice versa.

Six basic fundamental rights

We have six basic fundamental rights in our constitution. The sic basic rights are listed below

• Right to Equality (Article 14-18)
• Right to Freedom (Article 19-22)
• Right against Exploitation (Article 23-24)
• Right to Freedom of Religion (Article 25-28)
• Cultural and Educational Rights (Article 29-30)
• Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32)

Mycorrhiza is a mutually beneficial or symbiotic association of fungi Avith roots of higher
plants. Orchids grow as epiphyte on plants, have their roots associated with fungi right from the seedling stage. Many orchids cannot survive without mycorrhizae associations. Many forest trees such as pines appear stunted if mycorrhizal associations are absent. In presence of these associations, these plants absorb 2-3 times more nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus compared to without them.