The word ‘computer’ has a very interesting origin. It was first used in the 16th century for a person who used to compute, i.e. do calculations. The word was used in the same sense as a noun until the 20th century. Women were hired as human computers to carry out all forms of calculations and computations.

By the last part of the 19th century, the word was also used to describe machines that did calculations. The modern day use of the word is generally to describe programmable digital devices that run on electricity.

Early History of Computer

Since the evolution of humans, devices have been used for calculations for thousands of years. One of the earliest and well-known devices was an abacus. Then in 1822, the father of computers, Charles Babbage began developing what would be the first mechanical computer. And then it 1833 he actually designed an Analytical Engine which was a general purpose computer. It contained an ALU, some basic flow chart principles and the concept of integrated memory.

Then more than a century later in the history of computers, we got our first electronic computer for general purpose. It was the ENIAC, which stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer. The inventors of this computer were John W. Mauchly and J.Presper Eckert.

And with times the technology developed and the computers got smaller and the processing got faster. We got our first laptop in 1981 and it was introduced by Adam Osborne and EPSON.

Speed

A computer works with much higher speed and accuracy compared to humans while performing mathematical calculations. Computers can process millions (1,000,000) of instructions per second. The time taken by computers for their operations is microseconds and nanoseconds.

Accuracy

Computers perform calculations with 100% accuracy. Errors may occur due to data inconsistency or inaccuracy.

Diligence

A computer can perform millions of tasks or calculations with the same consistency and accuracy. It doesn’t feel any fatigue or lack of concentration. Its memory also makes it superior to that of human beings.

Versatility

Versatility refers to the capability of a computer to perform different kinds of works with same accuracy and efficiency.

Reliability

A computer is reliable as it gives consistent result for similar set of data i.e., if we give same set of input any number of times, we will get the same result.

Automation

Computer performs all the tasks automatically i.e. it performs tasks without manual intervention.

Memory

A computer has built-in memory called primary memory where it stores data. Secondary storage are removable devices such as CDs, pen drives, etc., which are also used to store data.

Speed :A computer works with much higher speed and accuracy compared to humans while performing mathematical calculations. Computers can process millions (1,000,000) of instructions per second. The time taken by computers for their operations is microseconds and nanoseconds.

Accuracy:Computers perform calculations with 100% accuracy. Errors may occur due to data inconsistency or inaccuracy.

Diligence:A computer can perform millions of tasks or calculations with the same consistency and accuracy. It doesn’t feel any fatigue or lack of concentration. Its memory also makes it superior to that of human beings.

Versatility:Versatility refers to the capability of a computer to perform different kinds of works with same accuracy and efficiency.

Reliability:A computer is reliable as it gives consistent result for similar set of data i.e., if we give same set of input any number of times, we will get the same result.

Formation of caste based associations and political parties is known as 'Secularisation of caste'

Secularisation of caste – formation of caste based associations and political parties. – seeking votes and fielding candidates on caste lines - assertion of rights, by caste based organisations

The 4 main phases are innovation, triggering event, implementation, and growth.

Innovation: Creative ideas to find opportunities in the market, , working out ideas to develop the product or service etc.

Triggering event:  Assessing the risk, Motivating factor for the business kick off, Identifying possible resources, etc

Implementation: Implementation of plans, launching new ventures and managing those, etc

Growth: To find other opportunities using the venture, maximizing the profit, reward harvesting, etc.

A Synthetic Fibre is a chain of small units of chemical substances joined together. Many such single units combine to form single unit called Polymer. Polymer means  made of many units joined together.

They include nylon, acrylics, polyurethane, and polypropylene.

Under the commune system, the farmers were encouraged to cultivate land collectively and not individually. That is, the farmers were encouraged to combine their individual plots of land and perform farming collectively.​The basic objective of the system was to enable the farmers to reap the benefits of large scale production.

Scared yet strong is the stupid dog
Fights Aliens to feet too talking Globs
Saving his mom because she matters most
And after winning he does not boast
Villains always come and villains go
It always ends and comes to show
That bad people are good sometimes
All you need is to realize
That if we could just talk it out
We would know what they are so angry about.

In the written form of many languages, an indentation or indent is an empty space at the beginning of a line to signal the start of a new paragraph. Many computer languages have adopted this technique to designate "paragraphs" or other logical blocks in the program.

Indents are the space (gap) of text (a line or a paragraph ) from edge/margin. The different types of indents are :-
1. before text
2. after text
3. first line

Accessing a binary file from a C++ program (by not using the old C functions) requires firstly attaching a stream variable to the file. The usual stream classes ofstream (output file stream) and ifstream (input file stream) are still the types of streams to use. A an additional type called an fstream is provided which allows for files that can be written to and read from if this is a desirable property (in the design of database type programs, this is often the case).

Before any operation can take place on a file, it of course must be <i>opened</i>, and when you are finished with the file, it should be closed to avoid loss of data.

Opening a Stream

A general assembly or general meeting is a meeting of all the members of an organization or shareholders of a company. The General Assembly monitors the performance of UN Peacekeeping through its Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations. It was established in 1965 to conduct a comprehensive review of all issues relating to peacekeeping.

A duty (from "due" meaning "that which is owing"; Old French: deu, did, past participle of devoir; Latin: debere, debitum, whence "debt") is a commitment or expectation to perform some action in general or if certain circumstances arise. It refers to duty, responsibility, obligation(noun) the social force that binds you to the courses of action demanded by that force.

Let us consider that 3root2 is a rational number. It can be written in the form p/q (p and q are co primes)

p/q = 3root2

p/3q = root2

Now,

p/3q = integer/interger

= rational number

But, this contradicts the fact that root2 is irrational.

Therefore, our assumption that 3root2 is rational is WRONG.

Hence, 3root2 is an irrational number.

French Revolution: Spread of Great Fear in France

This map shows France and its divisions as they were in 1789. These regions were the focal point of the French Revolution.

Question 1.
Features are marked by numbers in the given outline map of France. Identify these features with the help of the following information and write their correct names on the lines marked in the map.
1 The region not affected by the Great Fear
or
Regions of France not affected by the Great Fear
2 The place where Napoleon Bonaparte was finally defeated in 1815
3 Region of Southern France was not affected by the Great Fear

Answer:
1. Alsace
2. Waterloo
3. Toulouse

Question 2.
Locate and label the following items on the given map with appropriate symbols.
1 Epicenter of main panic movement in Western France
2 Region of Western France that was not affected by the Great Fear
3 A Port of France related to Slave Trade
4 The port of France enriched due to Slave Trade

Answer:
1. Ruffec
2. Brest
3. Bordeaux
4. Nantes

Question 3.
On the given outline map of France, locate the following cities
A Bordeaux
B. Normandy
C. Nantes

Answer:

Politics is the way that people living in groups make decisions. Politics is about making agreements between people so that they can live together in groups such as tribes, cities, or countries. ... Politicians, and sometimes other people, may get together to form a government. Politicians are people who are politically active, especially in party politics. Positions range from local offices to executive, legislative, and judicial offices of regional and national governments. Some elected law enforcement officers, such as sheriffs, are considered politicians.

Gravity is a force that attracts a body towards the centre of the earth, or towards any other physical body having mass.

History of Gravity

• In 1687, Sir Isaac Newton first discovered gravity. While sitting under an apple tree, he noticed an apple falling down. Then he tried to figure out why the apple instead of going up or left or right, came down. In this situation, there was clearly an unknown force at play, that force is what Newton called gravity and his theory is called Newton’s law of Universal Gravitation.
• Later in the early 20th century, Albert Einstein developed a whole new idea about gravity. According to him, gravity is the warping of space and time.