Two features of the Harappan settlement were:
(i) The first settlement was smaller but located at the higher ground. It was called Citadel. Its buildings were constructed on mud brick platforms. It was walled and separated from the other settlement of the town.
(ii) The second settlement was called Lower Town. It was also walled like the first settlement. And it too was built on the mud brick platform however it was also a residential town.

Two strategies adopted by Brahmanas for enforcing the norms prescribed for different varnas were:
1. One, to assert that the varna order was of divine origin.
2. Second, they advised kings to ensure that these norms were followed within their kingdoms.

The most important idea in Jainism is that the entire world is animated: even stones, rocks and water have life. Non-injury to living beings, especially to humans, animals, plants and insects, is central to Jaina philosophy. In fact the principle of ahimsa, emphasised within Jainism, has left its mark on Indian thinking as a whole. According to Jaina teachings, the cycle of birth and rebirth is shaped through karma. Asceticism and penance are required to free oneself from the cycle of karma. This can be achieved only by renouncing the world; therefore, monastic existence is a necessary condition of salvation. 
 

I. The following items of food were available to the people in Harappan cities:

1. Grains such as wheat, barley, lentil, chickpea and sesame, Millets (found from sites in Gujarat), Rice (although its find is very rare). etc.

2. Meat of cattle, sheep, goat, buffalo, pig.

3. Meat of wild species like deer, boar, gharial etc.

4. Plants and their products.

II. Identification of groups who would have provided the items of food:

1. Farmers would have provided the grains.

2. As cattle , sheep, goat, buffalo etc were domesticated Harappans themselves would have provided the meat.

3. Regarding the meat of wild species of animals we are not sure how Harappans procured it but we can guess that it could be either hunting communities or most probably some of the Harappans themselves hunted the different animals.

4.  For plants and their products Harappan themselves would have gathered it.

Cunningham’s Confusion were:

(i) Cunningham’s main interest was in the archaeology of the Early Historic and later periods. Cunningham tried to place Harappan seals within the time-frame with which he was familiar.

(ii) He used the accounts left by Chinese Buddhist pilgrims who had visited the subcontinent between the fourth and seventh centuries CE to locate early settlement.

(iii) Cunningham also collected, documented and translated inscriptions found during his surveys. When he excavated sites he tended to recover artefacts that he thought had cultural value.

(iv) A site like Harappa which was not part of the itinerary of the Chinese pilgrims, did not fit very neatly within his framework of investigation. Cunningham did not realize how old Harappa artifacts were.