Implications of having large boundaries and vast coastline :-
1) India has a strategic position in South Asia, which connects both East and West Asia.
2) Its strategic location helps the country to maintain trade and commerce links with countries in both East and West Asia.
3) It helps in greater social contact and cultural exchange with other countries.
4) India can easily establish connectivity with European and African countries.
5) The great Himalayas in the North serve as a natural barrier from any of intrusion thereby give it a military and political advantage.
6) Moderating effect caused because of proximity to sea which is dominating in the peninsular region and determines a maritime type of climate.
7) A greater number of ports leading to a higher trade.
8) Large amount of marine resources.

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Allied powers, also called Allies, those countries allied in opposition to the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey) in World War I or to the Axis powers (Germany, Italy, and Japan) in World War II.

allied powers:

- USA

- Great Britian

- France

- Soviet Union

Axis Power:

- Germany

- Italy

- Japan

Some of the major features of a democracy are:

• The final decision making power rests with those elected by the people.
• It must be based on a free and fair election.
• Each adult citizen must have one vote and each vote must have one value.
• It should rule within limits set by constitutional law and citizens’ rights.

According to American political scientist Larry Diamond, democracy consists of four key elements: a political system for choosing and replacing the government through free and fair elections; the active participation of the people, as citizens, in politics and civic life; protection of the human rights of all citizens; ... A good democracy is defined as an institutional structure that understands the liberty and equality of citizens through the correct functioning of the government and its method. Also, it is an regime that should completely satisfy the citizens with its result.

The voters who live in an area elect the one representative. 
(ii) Voters' List: Once the constituencies are decided, the next step is to decide who can and who cannot vote. This decision cannot be left to anyone till the last day. In a democratic election, the list of those who are eligible to vote is prepared much before the election and given to everyone.
(iii) Nomination of Candidates: Every person who wishes to contest an election has to fill a nomination form by the due date, which the Election Commission fixes. Every candidate has to give some money as security deposit alongwith nomination form. 
(iv) Election Campaign: Election campaigns take place for a two-week period between the announcement of the final list of candidates and the date of polling. During this period the candidates contact their voters, political leaders address election meetings and political parties mobilise their supporters. 
(v) Polling and Counting of Votes: The final stage of an election is the day when the voters cast or poll their vote. That day is usually called the election day. Every person whose name is on the voters' list can go to a nearby polling booth. Once the voter goes inside the booth, the election officials identify him/her,  put a mark on his/her finger and allow him/her to cast his/her vote. There are electronic voting machines (EVMs) which are used to record votes. The machine shows the names of the candidates and the party symbols. What the voter has to do is to press the button against the name of the candidate he/she wants to give his/her vote. 
Once the polling is over, all the EVMs are sealed and taken to a secure place. A few days later, on a fixed date, all the EVMs from a constituency are opened and the votes secured by each candidate are counted. The candidate who secures the highest number of votes from a constituency is declared elected.

: Laws are meant for the welfare and security of the people. They serve as a means of bringing about social change and establishing an egalitarian society. In a traditionally inequal society like India, plagued by social evils such as dowry, female foeticide and alcoholism, the need for laws become even more important are curb.

The French Revolution lasted roughly 10 years, beginning in 1789 and ending in 1799. The French Revolution ended in 1799 with a coup of militry by Napoleon Bonaparte, as he established himself as France’s first consul. The victory of Napoleon over the supposed conquerors re-established the military prowess of France. 

All have borne fruit and will bear more, still finer, as we advance towards those wide horizons opening out before us, where, like some great beacon to point the way, flame the words: LIBERTY, EQUALITY, FRATERNITY.

Second Estate: Nobility belonged to 2nd estate of then French Society. Nobility was hereditary and hence a person could get nobility by birth. However, new members were also awarded nobility by monarchy after paying heavy taxes or outstanding service to the monarchy, i.e. nobility could be purchased also.

Under premiership of Congress leader Indira Gandhi, the Green Revolution within India commenced in 1966, leading to an increase in food grain production, especially in Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh.

ANSWER : "One people, One empire, and One leader".
Hitler was very ambitious and in his foreign policy, he took several steps to expand his empire. In 1938 he integrated Austria and Germany under the slogan "One people, One empire, and One leader".

When elections are held in all the constituencies at the same time. either on the same day or within few days, this is called general elections.

Sometimes, election is held only for one constituency to fill the vacancy caused by death or resignation of a member. This is called a by-election.

On the basis of regions from west to east and the rivers flowing, the great Himalayas have been divided into four divisions:
(a) Punjab Himalayas: This part lies between the Indus and Sutlej. They are also known as Kashmir Himalaya and Himachal Himalaya.
(b) Kumaon Himalayas: This part lies between Sutlej and Kali rivers.
(c) Nepal Himalayas: This part lies between the Kali and Tista rivers.
(d) Assam Himalayas: This part lies between the Tista and Dihang rivers.

1) the rule of tsar nicholas was very autocratic , people don't have any freedom and rights.
2) all the taxes were paid by the workers and the peasents.
3) the tsar built large empire which include many nationalities.tsar imposed russian language on them.

The three organs of the government are:

1. Legislature: It make laws.

2. Executive: It implement laws.

3. Judiciary: It punishes people guilty of violating the laws.

In 1914 Tsar Nicholas II was the leader of  Russian Empire as an absolute monarch, the throne he inherited from his late father, Alexander.The Empire included Poland, Finland and large parts of Transcaucasia.The majority were slaves and dozens of other nationalities of Jews and Turks.

He ruled majorly depending on advice from his wife who believed fervently in the autocratic power of the Russian monarchy. He also follows his father's policies by relying on men who advised his father.

1. Social Inequality: French society in the eighteenth century was divided into three estates namely The Clergy, The nobility and third estates. First two estates, that is, the clergy and the nobility enjoyed certain privileges by birth. They were exempt from paying taxes. The Third estate comprises of businessmen, merchants, Peasants and artisans, labours had to pay taxes to the state.
2. Political Causes: Long years of war had drained the financial resources of France. France had a debt of more than 2 billion <i>livres</i>. To meet its regular expenses, such as the cost of maintaining an army, the court, running government offices or universities, the state was forced to increase taxes which angered the people.
3. Economic Problems: The population of France also increased from 23 million in 1715 to 28 million in 1789. Food grains were now in great demand. The price of bread shot up. Wages did not keep pace with rising prices. This led to subsistence crisis.

The Himalayan mountain range and Tibetan plateau have formed as a result of the collision between the Indian Plate and Eurasian Plate which began 50 million years ago and continues today. 225 million years ago (Ma) India was a large island situated off the Australian coast and separated from Asia by the Tethys Ocean.

“Socialism is an economic organisation of society in which the material means of production are owned by the whole community and operated by representatives of the people, who are responsible to the community according to a general plan, all the members of community being entitled to the benefits from results of such socialised, planned production, on the basis of equal rights.”

There is no complete agreement as to what exactly socialism is. But the definition given by Prof. Dikinson seems to be better. Economist have compared socialism as a hat which has lost its shape because everybody wears it. It has been aptly remarked that “socialism has been called many things and many things have been called socialism”.

Hitler’s Foreign Policy When Hitler came power he was determined to make Germany a great power again and to dominate Europe. He had set out his ideas in a book called Mein Kampf (My Struggle) that he had written in prison in 1924. His main aims were
To destroy the Treaty of Versailles imposed on Germany after her defeat in World War One. Hitler felt the Treaty was unfair and most Germans supported this view.To unite all German speakers together in one country. After World War One there were Germans living in many countries in Europe e.g. Austria, Czechoslovakia, Poland. Hitler hoped that by uniting them together in one country he would create a powerful Germany or Grossdeutschland.To expand eastwards into the East (Poland, Russia) to gain land for Germany (Lebensraum- living space).
His tactics involved using the threat of violence to achieve his aims. He realised that his potential foes, France and Britain, were reluctant to go to war and were prepared to compromise to avoid a repeat of World War One. He was also an opportunist who often took advantage of events for his own benefit.

On 5 may,1789 the meeting of estate general was called by king louis 16.A resplendent hall in Versailles was prepared to host the delegates. The purpose of calling the meeting is to pass the proposal of new taxes.The first and second estate has 300 members of each of them and were sitting in rows and there were 600 members of third estate who had to stand at the back. As always the voting scheme in france at that time was that one estate have one vote. But this time third estate want 1 person nd 1 vote.This was refused by the king.

Subsistence crisis is an extreme situation where the basic means of livelihood are endangered. The Factors Responsible for this Type of Crises were: 
(i) The population of France rose from about 23 million in 1715 to 28 million in 1789. This led to a rapid increase in the demand for foodgrains. Production of grains could not keep pace with the demand. So the price of bread which was the staple diet of the majority rose rapidly. Most worker were employed as labourers in workshops whose owner fixed their wages. But wages did not keep pace with the rise in prices. So, the gap between the poor and the rich widened. 
(ii) Things became worse whenever drought or haul reduced the harvest. This led to a subsistence crisis.