The Bolshevik Party of Vladimir Lenin led the October Revolution or the Great October Socialist Revolution or the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917. Three effects of the October Revolution are as follows:-

1) The October Revolution marked the beginning of the Russian Civil War which lasted from 1917 to 1922.

2) It also marked the end of the Provisional Government in Russia and Lenin formed the groundwork for the foundation of Russia becoming the world's first Communist country.

3) All Russian banks were nationalized and private accounts were seized.

Like South Africa, India's Constitution was written under very difficult situation. The making of a Constitution for such a huge and diverse country like India is not an easy task.
(i) After partition, the people of India were emerging from the status of subjects to that of citizens.
(ii) India was born through a partition of undivided India on the basis of religious differences. It was a traumatic experience for both the people of India and Pakistan.
(iii) The British had left it to the rulers of the princely states to decide whether they wanted to merge with India or with Pakistan or remain independent. The merger of these princely states was a difficult and uncertain task.
(iv) When the constitution was being written, the future of the country did not look as secure as it does today.
(v) The makers of the Constitution had anxieties about the present and future of the country.

India has a land boundary of about 15,200 km and the total length of the coast line of the mainland including Andaman and Nicobar and Lakshadweep is 7,516.6 km.

The French society was divided into three Estates:

1. First Estate: It comprised of the church and the clergy. They enjoyed certain privileges by birth. They were exempted from paying taxes to the state.
2. Second Estate: In the second estate were the nobles and other rich members. They were also exempted from paying taxes. They also enjoyed feudal privileges. They were also paid feudal dues from the peasants.
3. Third Estate: About 90 per cent of the population was peasants. They were obliged to work in the fields of their landlords as well as in their houses, and also serve in the army. They were paying all direct taxes like ‘taille’ and a number of indirect taxes also like taxes on the articles of everyday consumption.

The French society was divided into three Estates:

1. First Estate: It comprised of the church and the clergy. They enjoyed certain privileges by birth. They were exempted from paying taxes to the state.
2. Second Estate: In the second estate were the nobles and other rich members. They were also exempted from paying taxes. They also enjoyed feudal privileges. They were also paid feudal dues from the peasants.
3. Third Estate: About 90 per cent of the population was peasants. They were obliged to work in the fields of their landlords as well as in their houses, and also serve in the army. They were paying all direct taxes like ‘taille’ and a number of indirect taxes also like taxes on the articles of everyday consumption.

The powers of the president of india are :

1. Legislative power:
*He can call or dismiss the meeting of the house of parliament.
*He can give order for fresh election.
*after the signature of President the laws becomes in act.

2. Financial power : *all money bills should be approved by President before introducing it in the parliament.

3. Executive power : *President appoints the Executive member to their respective position.

4. Military power : *the president is the Supreme commander of the defense force of india.

5. Judicial power : *the president can even change a death sentence to life imprisonment.

The Main causes of French Revolution are :-)
1 despotic rules of king Louis XVI:-) due to financial crisis King Louis XVI forced to increase taxes which was mostly paid by the people of third state which create a tension in society.
2 privileges and burdens of French society. French society was divided into three types of society :-)
1 first estate
2 second estate
3 third estate
the member of the first two estate that is clergy and the nobility enjoyed certain privileges by but this discrimination led to the Revolution by the third estate .
3 rising prices :-) the population of France had increase this result into more demands of food grains which leads to increase of prices of food grains .
4 inspiration by the philosophy :-) the philosophers like John Locke, rousseau and montesquieu spread the ideas of equality which inspired the people .
5 role of the middle class :-) another major causes was the role of the middle class who earned their wealth are expanding trades of manufactured goods being exported .