Neither science nor maths (a) give me a problem.

Coal is a fossil fuel, that was formed by the decay of vegetation, which existed millions of years ago. It is a non-crystalline form of carbon. Carbonisation: The slow process of conversion of dead vegetations into coal is called carbonisation.

The dewan was convinced that if the Maharaja did not find the tiger soon, the results would be catastrophic for the kingdom and himself. However, upon seeing the tiger which had been brought from the People's Park in Madras and kept hidden at his house, he felt a sense of relief. The dewan and his wife dragged the tiger to the car and shoved it into the seat. He drove the car straight to the forest where the Maharaja was hunting on his own

• Vinobha Bhave introduced voluntary redistribution of farm-lands to poor landless farmers for their economic well-being. This act was known as ‘Bhoodan’.
• Some zamindars, owners of many villages offered to distribute some villages among the landless. It was known as Gramdan.
• This Bhoodan-Gramdan movement initiated by Vinobha Bhave is also known as the Blood-less Revolution.

Notes on the contents of the Passage:

A.Freedom of the Press:

 (i) vital but can be abused

(ii) infiltration into „the personal life of individuals undesirable.

(iii) can cause serious damage not only to individuals but also to govts.

B. The story of a poor couple who had quintuplets :

(i) lived in obscurity before they had the quints.

(ii) shot into fame after the birth of quints.

(iii) their personal life commercialised.

(iv) knew no peace or rest now.

Heading: Freedom of the Press v/s Private Life

(b) Summary of the Passage :

 Freedom of the Press is, no doubt, very vital and any attempt to restrict it is condemned in a democratic country. But this freedom can be misused also. It can cause great damage and bring untold suffering to an individual when it infiltrates into his or her private chambers. The story of a poor Aberdeenian couple who had quintuplets shows how the Press can destroy the peace of an individual’s private life by commercialising it and thus exposing it to the embarrassment of public glare.

1445 = 1190*1 + 255
1190 = 255*4 + 170
255 = 170*1 + 85
170 = 85*2 + 0
So, now the remainder is 0, then HCF is 85
Now,
85 = 255 - 170
(1445 - 1190) - (1190 - 255*4)
⇒ 1445 - 1190 - 1190 + 255*4
⇒ 1445 - 1190*2 + (1445 - 1190)*4
⇒ 1445 - 1190*2 + 1445*4 - 1190*4
⇒ 1445*5 - 1190*6
⇒ 1190*(- 6) + 1445*5
1190m + 1445n , where m = - 6 and n = 5

Formal Communication:

1. ‘Formal Communication’ is the transmission of infor­mation in formal organizational structure and in specific direction.

2. The purposes of formal communication are to give orders, convey instructions and fulfill the objectives of the organisation through some pre-determined rules and regulations.

3. Letters, reports, memos, speeches, e-mail, internet, website, etc. are used in the case of formal communi­cation.

4. In the case of formal communication feedback requires some time due to completion of formal procedure.

5. Formal communication is time-consuming and costly.

6. It is official and formal in nature.

Informal Communication:

1. ‘Informal Communication’ is the communication on the basis of informal relations and understanding among the people at the same or different levels.

2. The purposes of informal communication are to build up informal relationship through personal contacts, sharing of information, etc.

3. Usually verbal channels (e.g., face-to-face conversations, telephone calls, gossip, etc.) are used in the case of informal communication.

4 . In informal communication feedback is immediate.

5. Informal communication being verbal is less costly and immediate. Of course, gossip may consume productive working hours.

6. It is unofficial and informal in nature.

If the number is x.

Math Equation

2x + x  = 96

Solve for x

3x = 96

x = 32

The poem is a tribute to the poet’s mother. She is looking at an old photograph of her mother which has a frame of cardboard. The picture has three girls in which the middle one is the oldest and tallest.

It is her mother when she was twelve years old or so. Beside her, on both sides are her two cousins, Betty and Dolly, who are holding her hands and are younger than her. They went for paddling on a beach holiday. Her uncle took the photograph then. The poet could not help but notice her mother’s sweet face. The sea touched her terribly transient feet which depicted that she changed over the years and the sea remained the same.

After twenty-thirty years, her mother would laugh at the photograph. She would make the poet look at the photograph and tell her how their parents would dress them up for the beach holiday. The beach holiday was her mother’s favourite past memories while her laugh was the poet's favourite memory. Both of them lost something which they cherished a lot and yet cannot live that moment again.

Those sweet moments were memories now.

Now, the poet’s mother had been dead for the past twelve years, which is the same number as of her age when the photograph was taken back then. She cannot express the grief that she has from her mother’s absence.

गृह विज्ञान दो शब्दों से मिलकर बना है-‘गृह’ तथा ‘विज्ञान’। गृह का अर्थ है ‘घर’ और विज्ञान का अर्थ है ‘व्यवस्थित ज्ञान’। इस प्रकार, गृह विज्ञान का अर्थ गृह से सम्बन्धित विभिन्न पहलुओं; जैसे आवास, भोजन, वेशभूषा आदि का व्यवस्थित अध्ययन करना है। सर्वप्रथम गृह विज्ञान; अर्थशास्त्र की शाखा के रूप में अमेरिका में विकसित हुआ। अमेरिकन होम इकोनोमिक्स एसोसिएशन के अनुसार, “गृह-अर्थशास्त्र शिक्षा का विशिष्ट विषय है, जिसके अन्तर्गत आय-व्यय, भोजन की स्वच्छता एवं रुचिपूर्णता, वेशभूषा और आवास आदि के रुचिपूर्ण एवं उपयुक्त चुनाव तथा तैयारी और परिवार एवं अन्य मानव समुदायों द्वारा उनके उपयोग का अध्ययन किया जाता है।” समय के साथ-साथ इस विषय ने अधिक व्यापक रूप धारण कर (UPBoardSolutions.com) लिया तथा इसमें शरीर विज्ञान, स्वास्थ्य एवं रोगाणु विज्ञान, आहार एवं पोषण तथा पर्यावरण सम्बन्धी महत्त्वपूर्ण विषय भी सम्मिलित किए गए हैं।

जापान में इस विषय को गृह-प्रशासन के नाम से जाना जाता है। गुड जॉनसन के अनुसार, “गृह व्यवस्था सामान्य देशों में अत्यधिक सामान्य व्यवस्था है जिसमें अधिकांश व्यक्ति कार्यरत होते हैं तथा अधिकतर धन का उपयोग किया जाता है और यह व्यक्तियों के स्वास्थ्य की दृष्टि से अत्यन्त महत्त्वपूर्ण है।”

‘गृह विज्ञान’ नामक विषय को कुछ अन्य नामों से भी जाना जाता है; जैसे कि ‘गृह विज्ञान तथा गृह-कला’ (Home Science and Household Art), ‘घरेलू विज्ञान एवं गृह-कला’ (Domestic Science and Home Craft) गृह विज्ञान के विस्तृत विषय-क्षेत्र को ध्यान में रखते हुए इस विषय की एक ब्यवस्थित परिभाषा इन शब्दों में प्रस्तुत की जा सकती है

“गृह विज्ञान वह सामाजिक विज्ञान है जो घर-परिवार से सम्बन्धित समस्त आवश्यकताओं एवं योजनाओं का व्यवस्थित अध्ययन करता है तथा पारिवारिक सुख-सुविधाओं में वृद्धि करने के लिए सैद्धान्तिक एवं व्यावहारिक ज्ञान प्रदान करता है।”

गृह विज्ञान की एक परिभाषा दिल्ली के लेडी इरविन कॉलेज के “गृह विज्ञान संस्थान’ ने इन शब्दों में प्रस्तुत की है, ”गृह विज्ञान वह व्यावहारिक विज्ञान है जो अपने अध्ययनकर्ताओं को सफल पारिवारिक जीवन व्यतीत करने, सामाजिक तथा आर्थिक समस्याओं को हल करने और सुखमय जीवन-यापन करने की दशाओं का ज्ञान कराता है।”

Characteristics of living things.

1) Living things need food, air and water.

2) Living things can grow.

3)Living things can move by themselves.

4) Living things can respond to stimuli.

5)Living things respire. 

6) Living things excrete.

Mansabdars

Mansabdars had a military background and were the heads of small areas called mansabs. They were officials who had the duty to maintain army units according to their capability. They fulfilled the military needs of the Mughal empire and were given revenue from their mansab in return. The mansabdari system was basically a decentralization of the army. The mansabdars were answerable to the emperor.

Jagirdars

The jagirdari system involved the division of the empire into a number of jagirs. The jagirdar was responsible for the maintenance of the financial system of the area. He collected the revenue from the area and handed it over to the central empire.

The difference between them is that the former was responsible for the military management and the latter managed the revenue collection.

To Calculation of new profit sharing ratio:

A's new ratio= old ratio-sacrifice

                    = 5/10-1/5

                    = 3/10

B's ratio= 4/10

C's new ratio= 1/10+1/5

                     = 3/10

New ratio= 3:4:3

Sacrificing ratio:

A's sacrifice= 1/5

C's gain= 1/5

The new profit sharing ratio= 1:1:1

Calculation of sacrificing ratio:

A's sacrifice = 5/10-1/3

                  = 5/30

B's sacrifice= 4/10-1/3

                   = 2/30

Sacrificing ratio= 5:2

C's gain= 7/30

(i) It Initiates Action: The employees are appointed up to the first three functions of management (planning, organising and staffing). But they cannot commence their job until they are not informed about what to do and how to do. This job manager performs through direction. Thus, it is evident that it is direction which initiates action in an organisation.

(ii) It Integrates Employees’ Efforts: Many employees work in an organisation. If any one of employees in the employees’-chain does not perform up to the mark, it adversely affects the performance of remaining employees. Thus, it is essential to establish coordination among all the activities. Manager establishes this coordination by supervising, providing good leadership, motivating and exchanging ideas with his subordinates.

(iii) It is the Means of Motivation: The objectives of an organisation can only be achieved by motivated employees. Motivated employees work with full dedication and with a feel of belongingness. Now the question is how can the employees be motivated? The work of motivating employees can be accomplished through the Directing function of management.

(iv) It Facilitates of Implementation Changes: Oftenly, employees show resistance to change in their organisational structure. But with the changing demand of time, it needs to be implemented/enforced. Managers through the medium of Direction shape the mindset of the employees in a manner that they willfully accept changes.