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Yogita Ingle an hour ago
The Civil Disobedience Movement led by M.K. Gandhi, in the year 1930 was an important milestone in the history of Indian Nationalism.
1. Economic depression on Indian economy :
a. Agricultural prices began to fall and collapsed in 1930.
b. Demand for agricultural goods declined.
c. It became difficult for the peasants to sell their harvest and pay revenue.
d. The entire country was in crisis.
e. It helped in reshaping the national movement.
2. Failure of the Simon commission :
a. The British appointed Simon Commission in 1927 . It was to examine the functioning of the constitutional system in India.
b. The main pupose was to determine India's fitness for self governemnt. Activate Windows Settings to activate Wi
c. Since the Commission did not have a single Indian member it was seen as an insult to the self respect of Indians.
d. Leaders boycotted the commission and greeted it with Black flags and slogans Simon go back'.
e. British retaliated in a brutal manner, with lathi charge in which Lala Lajpat Rai was fatally wounded
3. Oppressive salt laws :
a. To wage a struggle against the oppressive British policies and laws, Mahatma Gandhi sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands on 31st January 1930. These demands represented the general interests and which all the classes identified with.
b. The most important demand was to abolish salt tax.
c. Since salt was consumed by rich and poor alike and was one of the most essential food items. The salt tax levied by the government revealed the most oppressive side of the colonial. rule.
d. Salt was seen by Mahatma Gandhi as a powerful symbol that could unite masses.
e. The eleven demands served as an ultimatum to the government failing to fulfill which he would resort to his agenda of swaraj. , These demands represented the general interests and which all the classes identified with.The most important demand was to abolish salt tax.
f. The colonial government failed to concede to the demands,
g. Hereby, Gandhi chose to break the salt law peacefully and show resistance to the British rule. This instigated the Civil disobedience movement and the salt march to Dandi.
The following were the main features of the Civil Disobedience movement:
a) The people refused to obey unjust laws. Gandhi led the Dandi March and broke the unjust salt tax law as a challenge to the British Government. b) Foreign cloth was boycotted and liquor shops were picketed. Peasants refused to pay revenue and taxes. People also broke the forest laws.
c) Schools, colleges and government offices and institutions were boycotted.
d) There was large- scale arrest of people and leaders who participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
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Romanticism, a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment. Romantic artists and poets generally criticised the glorification of reason and science and focused instead on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings. Their effort was to create a sense of a shared collective heritage, a common cultural past, as the basis of a nation. The emphasis on vernacular language and the collection of local folklore was not just to recover an ancient national spirit, but also to carry the modern nationalist message to large audiences who were mostly illiterate.
or (in easy language)
I) Romantic artists and poets created a sense of shared collective heritage, a common cultural past, as the basis of a nation.
(ii) It was through folk songs, folk poetry, and folk dances that the true spirit of the nation was popularised.
(iii) Emphasis was given on the vernacular language and the collection of folklore, to carry the modern nationalist message to large audiences
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It was already deleted in 2019 . No need to study this chapter.
One of the chapters removed from the book, titled ‘The Nationalist Movement in Indo-China’ under the section ‘Events and Processes’, detailed the rise of French colonialism in Indo-China, the subsequent rise of the Communist movement and Vietnamese nationalism and the emergence of anti-imperialist sentiment during the US war in Vietnam. The chapter aimed to illustrate the different ways in which colonial empires functioned and nationalist movements developed.
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Take help from Chapter Nationalism in India
Some of the major movements and freedom struggles led by Mahatma Gandhi are:
- Non-Co-operation Movement
One of the first series of nonviolent protests nationwide was the non cooperation movement started by Mahatma Gandhi. This movement officially started the Gandhian era in India. In this freedom struggle, the non cooperation movement was basically aimed at making the Indians aware of the fact that the British government can be opposed and if done actively, it will keep a check on them. Thus, educational institutions were boycotted, foreign goods were boycotted, and people let go off their nominated seats in government institutions. Though the movement failed, Indians awakened to the concept of going against the British.
- Civil Disobedience Movement
Gandhi again took off with another non violent movement known as the civil disobedience movement. This movement was more active than the non cooperation movement and brought about a revolution of sorts. This movement aimed at bringing the British administration to a stop by withdrawing support from everything. There was agitation against land revenue, abolition of salt tax, cutting down military expenditure, levying duty on foreign cloth, etc. A very important movement was that of Salt Satyagraha where Gandhi undertook the Dandi march as a protest against the Salt tax.
- Quit India Movement
The Quit India Movement was launched under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi in August 1942. The main aim for launching this movement was to bring the British to negotiate with the Indian leaders. It was a call for immediate independence of India and the slogan of "Do or Die" was adopted for the same. However the leaders were arrested soon after Gandhi's speech and were put in jail by British officials. Gandhi went on a fast for 21 days demanding the release of the leaders despite his failing health. The British had to secure the release of the leaders.
- India Independence
After the Quit India Movement the freedom struggle got even more intense and passionate. Entire India was united together in the movement for freedom. Everyone contributed what they could in the freedom struggle. The cry of Purna Swaraj or complete independence was raised. After much sacrifices and efforts, India gained its independence on the 15th August, 1947.
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National parks are the reserved places used to protect flora and fauna of an area. National parks are large and diverse reserves which help in protection of different ecosystems. These can protect flora, fauna and many other aspects of the ecosystem.
Zoological parks are the areas where animals are kept in special enclosures or cages with restricted area. Zoological parks serve as an amusement places for public.These help in providing education about wildlife to children.
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Development of resources is the efficient and optimum utilization of resources that are used by us for our various needs and contribute to the growth of the economy.
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Female allegory of France was named as Marianne, which underlined the idea of a people’s nation. Her characteristics were drawn from those of Liberty and the Republic – the red cap, the tricolour, the cockade.
Germania was the allegory of the German nation. She wears a crown of oak leaves, as the German oak stands for heroism.
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Union Territories are: Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, National Capital Territory of Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir, Lakshadweep, Ladakh and Puducherry.
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Disguised unemployment is a kind of unemployment in which there are people who are visibly employed but are actually unemployed. This situation is also known as 'hidden unemployment'. In such a situation more people are engaged in a work than required. For example:
1. In rural areas, this type of unemployment is generally found in agricultural sector like - in a family of 9 people all are engaged in the same agricultural plot. But if 4 people are withdrawn from it there will be no reduction in output. So, these 4 people are actually facing disguised unemployment.
2. In urban areas, this type of unemployment can be seen mostly in service sectors such as in a family all members are engaged in one petty shop or a small business which can be managed by less number of persons.
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Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary. He was born in 1807. He became a member of the secret society of the Carbonari. When he was 24 years old, he was sent into exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria. After that, he founded two more underground societies; first Young Italy in Marseilles and then Young Europe in Berne. Mazzini believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind. So Italy had to be forged into a single unified republic instead of being a patchwork of small state kingdoms. Following in the footsteps of Mazzini, many secret societies were set up Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland. The Conservatives feared Mazzini. While the conservative regimes were trying to consolidate their power, the liberals and nationalists continued to spread the idea of revolution.
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This feeling of nationalism became intense in the Balkan region after 1871. The Balkan region formerly comprised the present-day territories of Romania, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Croatia, Greece, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro. The people in these countries were called Slavs. The disintegration of the Ottoman Empire in the region made the situation very explosive in the region as every state was jealous of one another and hoped to gain independence at the cost of the other. One by one, its European subject nationalities broke away from the control of the Ottoman Empire and declared independence. As the different Slavic nationalities struggled to define their identity and independence, the Balkan area became an area of intense conflict.
During this time, many powerful European nations such as England, France, Russia and Germany competed to gain control in the Balkan region.
This competition for gaining prominence in the region finally led to the First World War in 1914.
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(iii) Law and Order Facility/Security Government provides police outposts, police stations for maintaining security of the public and it also protects the interest of its citizens by the state laws.
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Gaurav Seth an hour ago
The Civil Disobedience Movement led by M.K. Gandhi, in the year 1930 was an important milestone in the history of Indian Nationalism.
1. Economic depression on Indian economy :
a. Agricultural prices began to fall and collapsed in 1930.
b. Demand for agricultural goods declined.
c. It became difficult for the peasants to sell their harvest and pay revenue.
d. The entire country was in crisis.
e. It helped in reshaping the national movement.
2. Failure of the Simon commission :
a. The British appointed Simon Commission in 1927 . It was to examine the functioning of the constitutional system in India.
b. The main pupose was to determine India's fitness for self governemnt. Activate Windows Settings to activate Wi
c. Since the Commission did not have a single Indian member it was seen as an insult to the self respect of Indians.
d. Leaders boycotted the commission and greeted it with Black flags and slogans Simon go back'.
e. British retaliated in a brutal manner, with lathi charge in which Lala Lajpat Rai was fatally wounded
3. Oppressive salt laws :
a. To wage a struggle against the oppressive British policies and laws, Mahatma Gandhi sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands on 31st January 1930. These demands represented the general interests and which all the classes identified with.
b. The most important demand was to abolish salt tax.
c. Since salt was consumed by rich and poor alike and was one of the most essential food items. The salt tax levied by the government revealed the most oppressive side of the colonial. rule.
d. Salt was seen by Mahatma Gandhi as a powerful symbol that could unite masses.
e. The eleven demands served as an ultimatum to the government failing to fulfill which he would resort to his agenda of swaraj. , These demands represented the general interests and which all the classes identified with.The most important demand was to abolish salt tax.
f. The colonial government failed to concede to the demands,
g. Hereby, Gandhi chose to break the salt law peacefully and show resistance to the British rule. This instigated the Civil disobedience movement and the salt march to Dandi.
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