Guiseppe Mazzini was an Italian journalist and politician who lived back in the 19th century. He was the founder of Young Italy, a secret revolutionary society. He was one among many who supported free democratic Italy rather than its monarch.

The Simon Commission was a group of 7 MPs from Britain who was sent to India in 1928 to study constitutional reforms and make recommendations to the government. It came to be known as the Simon Commission after its chairman Sir John Simon. Important for IAS Exam, this topic is a part of Modern Indian History.

The two essential bases for the comparison of development level of the two different countries are:

• Per capita income, which means the income obtained while investing particular amount of capital.

• Total National income is determined by adding up the incomes from three different sectors viz, primary, secondary and tertiary.

In modern democracies, power sharing can take many forms, as mentioned below:

1. Power is shared among different organs of government, such as the legislature, executive and judiciary. This is called horizontal distribution of power because it allows different organs of government placed at the same level to exercise different powers. Such separation ensures that none of the organs can exercise unlimited power. Each organ checks the others. This arrangement is called a system of checks and balances.
2. Power can be shared among governments at different levels – a general government for the entire country and governments at the provincial or regional level which is called federal government.
3. Power may also be shared among different social groups such as the religious and linguistic groups. ‘Community government’ in Belgium is a good example of this arrangement. This method is used to give minority communities a fair share in power.
4. Power sharing arrangements can also be seen in the way political parties, pressure groups and movements control or influence those in power. When two or more parties form an alliance to contest elections and if they get elected, they form a coalition government and thus share power.

The Constitution declared India as a union of states based on the principles of federalism. The constitution originally provided for a two-tier system of government, the union or the central government representing Union of India and the state governments. Later, a third tier was added in the form of Panchayats and Municipalities. As in any federation, these different tiers enjoyed separate juridisction. The Constitution provided a three - fold distribution of legislative powers.

1. Union List: includes subjects of national importance i.e. defence of the country, foreign affairs, banking communications and currency.
2. Concurrent List: Contains subjects of common interest to both the union government as well as the state governments i.e. education, forests, trade unions, marriages, adoption and succession. In case of dispute, law made by the union government shall prevail.
3. State List: Contains subjects of state and local importance i.e. police, trade, agriculture, etc.
4. Residuary : Subjects which do not fall in any of the three lists i.e. computer software etc. Union government has the power to legislate such subjects.
   • As India is an example of ‘holding together’ federation, all states in the Indian Union do not have identical powers. Some states enjoy special status such as Jammu and Kashmir. There are some states too small to become independent like the UTs of Chandigarh and Lakshadweep.
   • This sharing of powers between the union government and state governments is basic to the structure of the constitution. Any change to it, has to be passed by both the Houses of the Parliament with at least 2/3rd majorities.
   • The judiciary plays an important role in the implementation of constitutional procedures. In case of any dispute about division of powers, the High Courts the Supreme Court, make a decision.

Resource Planning. Resource planning refers to the strategy for planned and judicious utilisation of resources. Resource planning is essential for sustainable existence of all forms of life.
Resource planning is essential for India as there is enormous diversity in the availability of resources. For example the state of Rajasthan has vast potential for the development of solar and wind energy but is deficient in water resources.
The cold desert of Ladakh has rich cultural heritage but is deficient in water and some strategic minerals.
The state of Arunachal Pradesh has abundance of water resources but lacks infrastructure which shows mere availability of resources in the absence of technology and institutions hinders development.
This shows that the resource planning is needed at the national, regional, state and local levels for balanced development of a country.

The very three basic goals of the persons’ life are the following which is also the basic needs.

Money: adequate wealth is important to fulfil the basic requirements.

Prestige: when adequate wealth is available, prestigious status in society is demandable.

Recognised status: appropriate status in the society is also an important goal.

Features of Red and Yellow soil :-

1) The colour of these soils is generally brown and yellow. Red colour is due to the percentage of iron content in it.

2) These soils are a type of soil which develops in a warm, temperate, moist climate under deciduous or mixed forests and they have thin type organic and inorganic-mineral layers overlying a yellowish-brown leached layer resting on an red layer.

3) These soils are poor growing soils, low in nutrients and humus and difficult to cultivate because of its lower water holding capacity.

4) These soils denote the third largest soil group of India covering an area of 3.5 lakhs square kilometer which is 10.6 % of India's total area.

5) These soils are found in the large tracts of Western Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Southern Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha and Chhota Nagpur plateau of Jharkhand. Scattered patches are also seen in Birbhum (West Bengal), Mirzapur, Jhansi, Banda, Hamirpur (Uttar Pradesh), Udaipur, Chittaurgarh, Dungarpur, Banswara and Bhilwara districs (Rajasthan). 

Gandhi arrived in Champaran 10 April 1917 and stay on the house of Sant raut in Amolwa village with a team of eminent lawyers: Brajkishore Prasad, Rajendra Prasad, Anugrah Narayan Sinha Ramnavmi Prasad, and others include J. B. Kripalani. Gandhiji reached Champaran in 1917 with Raj Kumar Shukla.

The business class in India initially supported the Civil Disobedience Movement. This was because the industrialists and merchants in India had become rich during the First World War. They were keen on expanding their businesses and wanted protection against foreign industries. Many eminent industrialists such as Purshottamdas Thakurdas and G. D. Birla criticised the colonial government for its control over the Indian economy which prevented their growth. They provided financial assistance during the movement, and refused to buy and sell imported goods. Many industrialists began to see swaraj as a time when colonial restrictions on business will end. However, towards the end, they became apprehensive of the growing influence of socialism among the younger members of the Congress. 

Muhammad Ali Jinnah became disillusioned with politics after the failure of his attempt to form a Hindu-Muslim alliance, and he spent most of the 1920s in Britain. The leadership of the League was taken over by Sir Muhammad Iqbal, who in 1930 first put forward the demand for a separate Muslim state in India.

Rules are established to protect the weaker class in the society since they are at a disadvantage if such regulations are broken. When rules are properly set and followed, they provide a stable environment and human co-existence in a community, resulting in peace and order.

Parliamentary system has been taken from the United Kingdom because U.K. constitution is the mother constitution of parliamentarianism. It is also called ministerial or cabinet system. Cabinet or parliamentary form of government is that in which:

Legislature and executive are closely related and share powers with each other.
Cabinet is formed by the parliament and parliament is the superior organ.
There are two executives i.e. the elected president or king and the Prime Minister. President represents state and Prime Minister represents government.
Cabinet is responsible before the legislature.

1) They will constitute the nation and shape its destiny.
2) Drafting a formal constitution.
3) Foundation of secular and democratic republic.
4) Abolition of monarchy.
5) Essential social changes based on liberalism.

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