Freedom refers to do all those things which do not harm to others and, are essential for a person’s own development. There is a close relationship between the freedom for individual and for the nation because:

• If a nation is free, every individual of it, will be free to enhance their creativities and capabilities.
• Development of a nation depends on cooperation, creativity and capabilities of individuals, which can be exercised in the absence of external constraints.
• A free society enables all its members to develop their potentials with the minimum of social constraints
• Though, no society can be imagined without the absence of constraints but it is necessary to determine whether it is acceptable or justified.
• Social constraints are necessary to be examined through debates, discussions between individual and the society.

While working as an office manager, you might oversee several employees, and it's also possible to work in a specialty position, such as a university admissions officer. Jobs exist in both the public and private sectors.  There's no doubt that the area of Administration and Business is an exciting and growing profession, which offers stability, career fulfillment and a wide variety of job roles. When you work in Administration or Business, you find yourself empowered and motivated by building on your current knowledge.

Possible Career Paths

• Adaptive Physical Education Specialist.
• Adventure/Outdoor Educator.
• Aerobics Instructor.
• Athletic Coach.
• Athletic Director.
• Athletic Trainer.
• Camp Director.
• College Instructor/Professor.

The word Australopithecus is derived from Latin word ‘austral’ means southern and a Greek word ‘pithekos’ which means ‘apes’. Hence, the word means southern apes (Southern Monkey). The earliest human is called so because he resembles them.

The term urbanization denotes an increase in the urban population at a rate higher than that of the increase in the rural population. Features of Urbanization
The important features of urbanization are as follows:

1. Fast Growth in Urban Population: Between 1961-71 the growth rate of population in urban areas was over 38%. This was followed by a still higher growth of 46 per cent during the decade of 1971-81. Between 1981-91, the growth was, no doubt, somewhat less at over 36 per cent but it was not inconsiderable.

2. Large Increase in big owns: Another noteworthy feature of urbanization is that there has been a substantial increase in the population of big towns. A substantial increase in population has taken place since 1901 in the big towns, and that a major proportion of urban population resides in them.

 
3. Regional Disparities in Urbanization: The above description provides the all-India picture. However, the variations in the level of urbanization in various states are indeed large and rates of urbanization show surprises. Again, there are variations within the regions of each state. All this point to the diversity of conditions/causes that operate in this vast country, and is suggestive of different perceptions and policies in this field.

I: There is much difference between the system of reservation of constituencies and the system of separate electorate. Separate electorate have been a curse to India. In the British period it was started by the British government that the Muslims, Sikhs and some other minorities select their representatives by their own separate vote. But it was most harmful. As a result the nation resorted to the partition (in India and Pakistan). So after partition, in India, the reservation of constituencies for the oppressed social group was adopted. In separate electorates, the candidates are elected by those voters who belong to that particular community. But in the system of reservation of constituencies all voters in a constituency are eligible to vote but candidates must belong to only a particular community for which the seat is reserved. The constitution provides for reservation of seats in the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
This provision was made initially for a period of 10 years and as a result of successive constitutional amendments has been extended upto 2010. Today of the 543 elected seats in the Lok Sabha, 79 are reserved for scheduled castes and 41 are reserved for scheduled tribes.

Types of Errors- Systematic Errors

Errors which can either be positive or negative are called Systematic errors. They are of following types:

1. Instrument errors: These arise from imperfect design or calibration error in the instrument. Worn off scale, zero error in a weighing scale are some examples of instrument errors.
2. Imperfections in experimental techniques: If the technique is not accurate (for example measuring temperature of human body by placing thermometer under armpit resulting in lower temperature than actual) and due to the external conditions like temperature, wind, humidity, these kinds of errors occur.
3. Personal errors: Errors occurring due to human carelessness, lack of proper setting, taking down incorrect reading are called personal errors.

Giving each person his/her due means providing justice by ensuring the well-being of all the people.
In contemporary time, the concept of “giving each his due” has changed to the understanding of what is due to each person as a human being.
The German philosopher Immanuel Kant argued that if all persons are granted dignity then what is due to each of them is the opportunity to develop their talents and pursue their chosen goals.

Electric and magnetic fields fluctuating together can form a propagating wave, appropriately called an electromagnetic wave.

• Equation of plane progressive electromagnetic wave

E = E₀ sin ω (t – x/c)

B = B₀ sin ω (t – x/c)

Here, ω = 2πf

Business risk refers to the uncertainties that leads to unprecedented profits or losses.

The causes may be as follows:

• Natural Calamity: Natural calamities like flood, earthquake, famine cannot be controlled. Such calamities result in a great loss of property and resources.
• Economic Causes: These include change in the demand or supply, change in prices, competition, change in technology etc. Rise in lending interest, taxes etc are financial problems which are also considered in these.
• Internal causes: These include dishonesty, negligence and absenteeism of employees, internal conflict, inefficient management, strikes and riots etc. 
• Other causes: These may include fluctuations in exchange rates, political disturbances or any such unforeseen events.

The village school education was quite different from the city school education .In the village school students were taught the alphabet and the morning prayer and there was teaching about the God and the scriptures... but in the city school the students were taught Western science, English and music lessons.

Endurance can be defined as the ability to withstand stress over prolonged periods of time. An endurance sport is therefore any sport in which there is a prolonged physical stress.

Types of endurance:

According to the nature of activity, the endurance is classified into following types:
 

1. 1. Basic Endurance- Also known as aerobic endurance,because basic endurance depends mainly on aerobic endurance.In fact, basic endurance is the ability to perform movements in which large number of body muscles are involved and the activity is performed at slow speed or pace for a long duration.
   2. General Endurance- General endurance means doing sports activity in  the condition of fatigue.General endurance is not specific to any sports.It is developed through general exercises. The better the general endurance , better the performance in sports.
   3. Specific Endurance- Specific endurance is the ability to resist the fatigue caused by a particular sports activity.As the nature of fatigue is different from sports to sports, the specific endurance is different from sports to sports.For example, the specific endurance for a wrestler is to combat effectively in three rounds or six minutes, whereas it is 4 rounds for a boxer.

According to the duration of activity, the endurance is classified into following types:
 

1. 1. Speed Endurance- Ability to resist fatigue in activities that last up to 45 seconds.For example.400m sprint.
   2. .Short-term endurance- Ability to resist fatigue in activities that start from 45 seconds and last up to 2minutes.For example.800m race.
   3. Medium-term endurance- Ability to resist fatigue in activities that range from 2minutes to 11minutes.For example. 1500 m race.
   4. Long-term endurance-  Ability to resist fatigue in activities that last more than 11 minutes.for example. 5000m cross country, 10,000m race, and marathon requires such type of endurance..

Endurance can be defined as the ability to withstand stress over prolonged periods of time. An endurance sport is therefore any sport in which there is a prolonged physical stress.

Traditionally, scientists have tried to define the mind as the product of brain activity: The brain is the physical substance, and the mind is the conscious product of those firing neurons, according to the classic argument. But growing evidence shows that the mind goes far beyond the physical workings of your brain. It is possible one's mind might exist without one's body. One's mind is a different entity from one's body. Subjectively, our thoughts come from nowhere: they just pop into our heads, or emerge in the form of words leaving our mouths. Objectively, we can say that thoughts emerge from neural processes, and that neural processes come from everywhere.

(A) INTRODUCTION:
The law of demand is one of the important law of consumption which explain the functional relationship between price and quantity demanded of a commodity. Dr. Alfred Marshall in his book "Principles of Economics", has explained the consumer's behaviour as follows:
(B) STATEMENT OF THE LAW:
"Other thins being equal, the amount demanded increases with a fall in price and diminishes with a rise in price." In other words, other things remaining constant, demand varies inversely with price i.e. when price falls demand expands or (rises) and when price rises, demand contracts or (falls). Marshall's law of demand describes the functional relationship between demand and price. It can be presented as:
Dx​=f(Px​) i.e. Demand for x is a function of Price of x.
This functional relationship is inverse and negative because larger quantity is demanded when price falls and smaller quantity will be demanded when price rises.
(C) Explanation of the law of demand with the help of market demand schedule and diagram (Curve):
(1) Market Demand Schedule: It is a tabular representation of various quantities of a commodity demanded by different consumers at different prices during a given period of time. It is a imaginary schedule:

From the above schedule we observe that at a higher price of Rs.50 per unit of commodity X the market demand is low i.e. only for 100 units and at a lower price of Rs.10, the market demand rises to 500 units. This shows a inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded.
(2) Market Demand Curve: It is a graphical representation of market demand schedule. Measure price of Y axis and quantity demanded on X axis and plot the schedule on this graph to get the demand curve DD. The demand curve DD slopes downwards from left to right showing a inverse relationship between price and demand. It has a negative slope.
(D) Assumption of the Law of Demand:
The law of demand is based on the following assumption or conditions:
(1) No change in consumer's income: Consumer's income must remain unchanged because if income increases consumer may buy more even at a higher price invalidating the law of demand.
(2) No change in the size and composition of population: The size of population, gender ratio and age composition are assumed to remain constant. As such changes are sure to affect demand.
(3) No change in consumer's taste, preference, habits and fashions: If the taste changes then the consumer's preference also will change which will affect demand. When commodities go out of fashion then demand will be low even at a low price.
(4) No expectation of future price change: The consumers do not expect any significant rise or fall in the future prices.
(5) No change in prices of related goods: The law assumes that prices of substitutes and complementary goods remain constant.
(6) No change in tax policy of the Government: The level of direct and indirect tax imposed by the government on the income and goods should remain constant.

The law of demand is one of the important law of consumption which explain the functional relationship between price and quantity demanded of a commodity. Dr. Alfred Marshall in his book "Principles of Economics", has explained the consumer's behaviour as follows:
(B) STATEMENT OF THE LAW:
"Other thins being equal, the amount demanded increases with a fall in price and diminishes with a rise in price." In other words, other things remaining constant, demand varies inversely with price i.e. when price falls demand expands or (rises) and when price rises, demand contracts or (falls). Marshall's law of demand describes the functional relationship between demand and price. It can be presented as:
Dx​=f(Px​) i.e. Demand for x is a function of Price of x.
This functional relationship is inverse and negative because larger quantity is demanded when price falls and smaller quantity will be demanded when price rises.