The three major differences between chordates and non- chordates are:

i. Notochord: is Present at some stage or replaced by a backbone made of ring like vertebrae in chordates while in non-chordates notochord or backbone is absent.

ii. Nerve cord:  Single, dorsal, without ganglia in chordates, and Double, ventral, usually bearing ganglia in non-chordates

iii. Pharyngeal gill slits: are present in chordates and absent in non-chordates.

Suspension: A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture in which solids are dispersed in liquids. The solute particles in suspension do not dissolve but remain suspended throughout the medium. For example Paints, Muddy water chalk water mixtures etc.
Properties of a Suspension
• Suspension is a heterogeneous Mixture.
• The particles of a suspension can be seen by the naked eye.
• The particles of a suspension scatter a beam of light passing through it and make its path visible.
• The solute particles settle down when a suspension is left undisturbed, that is, a suspension is unstable. They can be separated from the mixture by the process of filtration.

Meiosis is a process where a single cell divides twice to produce four cells containing half the original amount of genetic information. These cells are our *** cells – sperm in males, eggs in females. During meiosis one cell divides twice to form four daughter cells. In each of these phases, there is a prophase, a metaphase, and anaphase and a telophase. In meiosis I these are known as prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I and telophase I, while in meiosis II they are known as prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II and telophase II.

The word glycolysis is of Greek origin, where 'glykos' means sweet, and 'lysis' means splitting. ... Hence, Glycolysis literally means "sugar splitting" or "sugar breaking"; this accurately describes the process of glycolysis, in which a 6-carbon sugar molecule is broken down into two 3-carbon molecules. The main purpose of glycolysis is to provide pyruvate for the trichloroacetic acid (TCA) cycle, not to make adenosine 5′-triphosphate. The glycolytic production of pyruvate reduces the cytosol by increasing the ratio of NADH [a reduced form of NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)] to NAD+.

An amino acid is an organic molecule that is made up of a basic amino group (−NH2), an acidic carboxyl group (−COOH), and an organic R group (or side chain) that is unique to each amino acid. There are basically three major classifications for amino acids (1) those with nonpolar R group, (2) those with uncharged polar R groups, and (3) those with charged polar R group. The table below shows us all 20 amino acids with their codes.

Islam explains the drive of Muslims over the centuries to meet their economic needs through commerce, industry, agriculture and various forms of free enterprise. Profits are very much a part of such activities, provided they are lawfully obtained (halal). Islamic financial system helps by assisting financial inclusion.
The conventional banking system is based on interest payments at a rate pre-set on the deposits of money. Payment and receipt of interest is prohibited under Shariah Law, so Muslims abstain from banking.

Urbanisation represents the demographic transition or change from rural areas to urban areas. Urbanisation is defined as “the increasing proportion of people that live in towns and cities” and can be viewed at regional, national, continental and International scales. Urbanisation affects the physical environment through the impacts of the number of people, their activities and the increased demands on resources. Urbanisation has negative consequences on health due mainly to pollution and overcrowded living conditions.

Agriculture was the principal occupation of the settled populations in the newly conquered territories. ... The lands conquered by the Arabs that remained in the hands of the owners were subject to a tax (kharaj), which varied from half to a fifth of the produce, according to the conditions of cultivation. The three-crop rotation was the biggest and best change in farming during medieval times, where three strips of the field would be used in rotation to keep fecund soil. Vertical windmills and vastly improved water mills helped as well.

The original Turks were Mongoloid (East Asian) and closely related to other East Asians, including Mongolians. Most Turkic people are still predominantly Mongoloid: Recent genetic studies concluded that there is a “Turkic component” found in every modern Turkic speaking population. With the rise of the Turkish sultanates in the tenth and eleventh centuries, a third ethnic group was added to the Arabs and the Iranians. The Turks were nomadic tribes from the Central Asian steppes of Turkistan. The Turks gradually converted to Islam.

 From 9th century, the Abbasids state became weaker due to decline of Baghdad's control over distant provinces and continuous struggle between pro-Arab and pro- Iranian groups in the army and bureaucracy. After Rashid's death, the empire was split by a civil war between the caliph al-Amin and his brother al-Ma'mun, who had the support of Khorasan. This war ended with a two-year siege of Baghdad and the eventual death of al-Amin in 813.

The Abbasid caliphs established the city of Baghdad in 762 CE. It became a center of learning and the hub of what is known as the Golden Age of Islam. Across the Abbasid Empire, libraries and other scholarly places were established, such as the House of Wisdom. These brought great advancements in astronomy, scientific understanding, ancient philosophies, and Islamic theology. The event that really destroys the Abbasid Empire? The invasion of the Mongols, who sack Baghdad. So to sum it up, the Abbasid Empire fell down due to these reasons: Power struggles, and an unorganized method for succession.

Islam spread quickly because the Islamic state was initially able to expand very quickly. Later, like other religions, Islam spread quickly through trade along the Silk Road in Central Asia and the sea routes in the Indian Ocean and SE Asia. Islam spread quickly because the Koran has positive messages. Many people were willing to convert to Islam because of messages like people who do what is right will be rewarded, and human life and personal property were to be valued and respected.

Depending on where you live, religion may also make you feel better about yourself by making you feel part of your larger culture. People who are religious have higher self-esteem and better psychological adjustment than people who aren't. People are always on the quest of fulfilling the economic and material pursuits in today's world. It is the religion which plays a crucial role in establishing our connection to the divine and developing the belief that there is a supreme energy that acts as a regulator in our day to day lives. 

Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia included indigenous animistic-polytheistic beliefs, as well as Christianity, Judaism, Mandaeism, and Iranian religions of Zoroastrianism, Mithraism, and Manichaeism. Arabian polytheism, the dominant form of religion in pre-Islamic Arabia, was based on veneration of deities and spirits. Others concur that the pre-Islamic calendar was originally a lunar calendar, but suggest that about 200 years before the Hijra it was transformed into a lunisolar calendar, which had an intercalary month added from time to time to keep the pilgrimage within the season of the year when merchandise was most abundant.