Basidiomycota are filamentous fungi composed of hyphae (except for basidiomycota-yeast; refer yeast for more information) and reproduce sexually via the formation of specialized club-shaped end cells called basidia that normally bear external meiospores(usually four). These specialized spores are called basidiospores. However, some Basidiomycota reproduce asexually in addition or exclusively. Basidiomycota that reproduce asexually (discussed below) can be recognized as members of this division by gross similarity to others, by the formation of a distinctive anatomical feature (the clamp connection - see below), cell wall components, and definitively by phylogeneticmolecular analysis of DNA sequence data.

Ziggurat, pyramidal stepped temple tower that is an architectural and religious structure characteristic of the major cities of Mesopotamia (now mainly in Iraq) from approximately 2200 until 500 bce. The ziggurat was always built with a core of mud brick and an exterior covered with baked brick. A ziggurat was believed to be the earthly home of the god or goddess for whom it was dedicated. ... The first ziggurats were simple structures; most were built on top of hills or large mounds, which were believed to symbolize a mountain with the top room being the actual abode of the god or goddess.

The administration of Patliputra, the capital of the Mauryan Empire, was carried out through a 30-member committee. This committee was divided into six boards, which catered to specific departments of

a. comfort and safety of foreigners

b. registration of births and deaths

c. industry

d. trade and commerce

e. inspection of goods

f. collection of taxes

Mesopotamia housed historically important cities such as Uruk, Nippur, Nineveh, Assur and Babylon, as well as major territorial states such as the city of Eridu, the Akkadian kingdoms, the Third Dynasty of Ur, and the various Assyrian empires. Its history is marked by many important inventions that changed the world, including the concept of time, math, the wheel, sailboats, maps and writing. Mesopotamia is also defined by a changing succession of ruling bodies from different areas and cities that seized control over a period of thousands of years.

Features of Urbanization
The important features of urbanization are as follows:

1. Fast Growth in Urban Population: Between 1961-71 the growth rate of population in urban areas was over 38%. This was followed by a still higher growth of 46 per cent during the decade of 1971-81. Between 1981-91, the growth was, no doubt, somewhat less at over 36 per cent but it was not inconsiderable.

2. Large Increase in big owns: Another noteworthy feature of urbanization is that there has been a substantial increase in the population of big towns. A substantial increase in population has taken place since 1901 in the big towns, and that a major proportion of urban population resides in them.

 
3. Regional Disparities in Urbanization: The above description provides the all-India picture. However, the variations in the level of urbanization in various states are indeed large and rates of urbanization show surprises. Again, there are variations within the regions of each state. All this point to the diversity of conditions/causes that operate in this vast country, and is suggestive of different perceptions and policies in this field.

Chromosome duplication is essential so that each daughter cell receives equal number of chromosomes from the parent cell. Hence, it is vital to generate an exact copy of the parent cell. The S phase of a cell cycle occurs during interphase, before mitosis or meiosis, and is responsible for the synthesis or replication of DNA. In this way, the genetic material of a cell is doubled before it enters mitosis or meiosis, allowing there to be enough DNA to be split into daughter cells.

Man’s Life is a Group-Life :
(i) It is correct to say that ‘Man’s Life is a Group-life,’ Man is born in a group, brought up in a group, plays in a group, even learns in a group, progresses in a group and generally dies in society - again a social group.
(ii) We all live in society and bound together through certain norms, values costoms and practices. ‘We’ very often say that we belong to a society, and as members we share, certain traditions, historical experiences - These experiences may be painful or full of pleasures. All these experiences are transmitted to us by the previous generations or the groups of the people.
(iii) No individual can fulfil all his requirements without society or social groups. Division of labour is also possible in a group. Some members of a group have to produce food, others have to weave clothes, some have to erect houses, and so on so forth.
(iv) If a man is united to fulfil his needs, he is also at war with others (in a group) in certain other context.

Preventive detention is an imprisonment that is putatively justified for non-punitive purposes, most often to prevent (further) criminal acts. Preventive detention means to detain a person so that to prevent that person from commenting on any possible crime or in other words preventive detention is an action taken by the administration on the grounds of the suspicion that some wrong actions may be done by the person concerned which will be prejudicial to the state. Preventive Detention is the most contentious part of the scheme fundamental rights in the Indian constitutions Article 22(3) provides that if the person who has been arrested or detained under preventive detention laws then the protection against arrest and detention provided under article22 (1) and22 (2) shall not be available to that person.

1. In accounting context, assets are the property or estate which can be transformed into cash in the future, whereas liabilities are the debt which is to be settled in the future.
2. Assets refer to the financial resources, which provide future economic benefit. Conversely, liabilities are those financial obligations, which requires being paid off in the near future.
3. Assets are depreciable objects, i.e. every year a certain percentage or amount is deducted as depreciation. As against this, liabilities are non-depreciable.
4. In the balance sheet, assets are shown on the right side, while liabilities are placed at the left. Further, the total of assets and total of liabilities should tally.
5. Assets are classified as current and non-current assets. On the other hand, Liabilities are classified as current and non-current liabilities.
6. Examples of assets – Trade Receivables, Building, Inventory, Patent, Furniture, etc. and Example of liabilities- Trade Payable, Debentures, Bank Loan, Overdraft, etc.

In the political thought, equality is described that all human beings are equal, and equality in distribution, namely equal distribution of wealth, social opportunities and political power. There are different types of equality such as political, social, legal, natural, and economic equality. Equality is about ensuring that every individual has an equal opportunity to make the most of their lives and talents. ... Equality recognises that historically certain groups of people with protected characteristics such as race, disability, *** and sexual orientation have experienced discrimination.

The right to life and personal liberty is available to all people and so is the right to freedom of religion. On the other hand, freedoms of speech and expression and freedom to reside and settle in any part of the country are reserved for citizens alone, including non-resident Indian citizens. The Right to Freedom guarantees to the citizens of India six Fundamental Freedoms: 1) Freedom of Speech and Expression, 2) Freedom of Assembly, 3) Freedom to form associations, 4) Freedom of Movement, 5) Freedom to reside and to settle, and 6) Freedom of profession, occupation, trade, or business.

A preamble is an introductory statement in a document that explains the document's philosophy and objectives. In a Constitution, it presents the intention of its framers, the history behind its creation, and the core values and principles of the nation. The preamble has been amended only once so far. ... Through this amendment, the words "socialist" and "secular" were added between the words "Sovereign" and "democratic" and the words "unity of the Nation" were changed to "unity and integrity of the Nation". The terms sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic, republic suggests the nature of Indian states. The ideals of equality, liberty, justice reflect the objectives of the constitution for the people of the nation.