In India, Bachelor of Physical Education Degree is known as B.P. In India, Bachelor of Physical Education Degree is known as B.P. Ed. or B.P.E. In India, Bachelor of Physical Education Degree is known as B.P.

A consumer is in a state of equilibrium when he maximizes his satisfaction by spending his given income on different goods and services. Any deviation or change in the allocation of income under the given circumstance will lead to a fall in total satisfaction.

For one-commodity case: Rupee worth of satisfaction actually received by the consumer is equal to the marginal utility of money as specified by the consumer himself. 

Condition 1 :  MU(of good X) = MU(of money) OR , PRICE(of good X) = MU(of money)

Reason: Price paid by the consumers should be exactly equal to the money value of MU that he derives. In case P(of X) is lesser than the MU(of money), he should be prompted to buy more of good X. Higher consumption will lead to a fall in MU. The consumption of good X would stop only when P(of good X) will be equal to MU(in terms of money). Likewise, if P(of X) is greater than MU(in terms of money), the consumer will be prompted to buy less of good X, leading to a fall in MU.

Condition 2: Marginal utility of money remains constant.

Condition 3: Law of marginal utility holds good.

Executive is an organ of the Government to enforce the will of the legislature and to maintain law and order in the society, and runs the administration of the country.

In a Plural Executive, the authority to direct is exercised not by a single authority but by a group of persons having co-equal status of authority, e.g. Swiss Federal Council.

The Council of Ministers along with the Prime Minister as a head at the central level and the Chief Minister alongwith his council of ministers at state level are the real executives in India.

The Sociological Imagination is a book written by sociologist C. Wright Mills in 1959. • According to him, personal problems and public issues are interrelated. • Sociological Imagination requires us to defamiliarise with the familiar in order to look at then a new It reveals the dialectical relationship between individual and Society • E.g. Homeless Couple.

The units which can neither be derived from other units nor they can be further resolved into simpler units are called fundamental units. Examples: Mass, length etc.

Those units which can be expressed in terms of the fundamental units are called derived units.  Example: speed, velocity, acceleration etc.

The institution that was common in Medieval Europe is called "Feudalism". The lords, who held the "fiefs" on condition of service of service to the king, were called the "Feudal Lords".

They, in their respective "fiefs", were all powerful and acted as petty kings.
The categories of the Feudal Lords:
(i) Dukes and Earls.

(ii) The Barons.
(iii) The Knights.

Types of Disability
There are three types of disabilities which are as follows

[i] Cognitive Disability
The nature of this disability is mental since cognitive domain is related to using mental abilities and achieving results from it.
It is related to impairments in intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviour. Intellectual functioning means person’s ability to plan, comprehend and reason while adaptive behaviour refers to applying social and practical skills in everyday life. Children suffering from dyslexia, learning difficulties, speech disorders, problem in solving math calculations, short span of attention and short of memory are said to have cognitive disability.
Causes of cognitive disability are as follows

• Cognitive impairment may be present at birth and may be genetic or chromosomal or result from complications of pregnancy.
• Chromosomal abnormalities such as Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome.
• Genetic abnormalities such as phenylketonuria, Hunter syndrome etc.
• Prenatal drug and infections and exposure to alcohol.
• Lack of oxygen during labour pain or birth.

[ii] Intellectual Disability
The nature of this disability is also mental since the intellectual domain is related to using the capacity of the mind. It is a disability characterised by significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and in adaptive behaviour. This is characterised by low intelligence quotient score (under 70) and significant problems in the ways learners adapt to new situations. It is different from cognitive because cognitive is a broad concept while intellectual disability is specific in nature.
Causes of intellectual disability are as follows

1. Genetic Conditions These include things like Down syndrome and fragile X syndrome.
2. Problems during Pregnancy This can interfere with fetal brain development.
3. Alcohol or Drug Use may also cause intellectual disability.
4. Problems during Childbirth Like if a baby is deprived of oxygen during childbirth or born extremely premature.
5. Illness or Injury Infection like meningitis, whooping cough or measles can lead to intellectual disability. Extreme malnutrition, infections in the brain, exposure to toxic substances such as lead, and severe neglect or abuse can also cause it.

[iii] Physical Disability
The nature of this disability is physical since it relates to physical functioning of the body parts including sense organs.
This refers to the limitation on a person’s physical functioning, mobility, dexterity or stamina. This includes upper or lower limb loss, poor manual dexterity, visual impairment, hearing loss or disability in coordination with different organs of the body. Apart from these, respiratory disorders, epilepsy and sleep disorders are also considered physical disability.
Causes of physical disability are as follows

• Illnesses like cancer, heart attack or diabetes cause the majority of long-term disabilities.
• Back pain, injuries and arthritis are also significant causes.
• Lifestyle choices and personal behaviour that lead to obesity are also becoming major contributing factors.
• Musculoskeletal disorders also cause disabilities. Examples include spine/joint disorders, fibromytis etc.
• Genetic causes like gene inheritance can cause this disability.

Mesosome is a convoluted membranous structure formed in a prokaryotic cell by the invagination of the plasma membrane. Its functions are as follows:

(1) These extensions help in the synthesis of the cell wall and replication of DNA. They also help in the equal distribution of chromosomes into the daughter cells.

(2) It also increases the surface area of the plasma membrane to carry out various enzymatic activities.

(3) It helps in secretion processes as well as in bacterial respiration.

'And the sea, which appears to have changed less,

Washed their terribly transient feet'

Transient means something which is temporary or short-lived. Here, when the author says terribly transient feet, she refers to the ever changing imprints of the feet left on the sea sand. The sea never appears to change but the human life is transient. It's never constant, it will see both ups and downs.

Our understanding of the history of the central Islamic lands between 600 and 1200 is based on chronicles or tawarikh (which narrate events in order of time) and semi-historical works, such as biographies (sira), records of the sayings and doings of the Prophet (hadith) and commentaries on the Quran (tafsir). The material from which these works were produced was a large collection of eyewitness reports (akhbar) transmitted over a period of time either orally or on paper. The authenticity of each report (khabar) was tested by a critical method which traced the chain of transmission (isnad) and established the reliability of the narrator. Although the method was not foolproof, medieval Muslim writers were more careful in selecting their information and understanding the motives of their informants than were their contemporaries in other parts of the world. On controversial issues, they reproduced different versions of the same event, as they found in their sources, leaving the task of judgement to their readers. Their description of events closer to their own times is more systematic and analytical and less of a collection of akhbar. Most of the chronicles and semi-historical works are in Arabic, the best being the Tarikh of Tabari (d. 923) which has been translated into English in 38 volumes. Persian chronicles are few but they are quite detailed in their treatment of Iran and Central Asia. Christian chronicles, written in Syriac (a dialect of Aramaic*), are fewer but they throw interesting light on the history of early Islam. Besides chronicles, we have legal texts, geographies, travelogues and literary works, such as stories and poems. Documentary evidence (fragmentary pieces of writing, such as official orders or private correspondence) is the most valua

The flow of water through well-defined channels is known as ‘drainage’ and the network of such channels is called a ‘drainage system’. The drainage pattern of an area is the outcome of the geological time period, nature and structure of rocks, topography, slope, amount of water flowing and the periodicity of the flow

The presence or absence of pigments is the main basis of classification of algae. Chlorophyceae: Chlorophyll a and b are present in them and impart green colour. Chlorophyceae are also called 'blue-green algae'. Phaeophyceae: Chlorophyll a and c and fuxoxanthin are present.

Mechanics of Note-Making:

(a) Use of Abbreviations:

• Capitalized words: UNO, CBSE, NCERT, etc.
• Arithmetic symbols: (><, \, kg, %, etc.)
• Commonly used: (in newspapers, magazines, etc.) (sc., govt., Eng., Sans.)
• Invented: First and last few letters of the words with a dot at the end (edul, poln., popn. mfg.).

(b) Proper Indentation Notes:

1. Sub-Heading

• (Point)
• (Point)
• (Point).
  • (i) (Sub-point)
  • (ii) (Sub-point)

2. Sub-Heading

(b)

A vineyard is an area of land where grape <a href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/vine" title="Definition of vines">vines</a> are <a href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/grow" title="Definition of grown">grown</a> in order to produce wine. You can <a href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/also" title="Definition of also">also</a> use vineyard to <a href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/refer" title="Definition of refer">refer</a> to the set of buildings in which the wine is produced.