Dendritic Pattern -
*Dendritic Pattern is a tree like pattern.
*The dendritic pattern develops in the areas where the underlying rock structure exerts no control.
* Example - Ganga Basin

Trellis Pattern -
* Trellis river system has a rectangular pattern throughout.
* This pattern develops in areas of strong structural central.
* Example - Narmada River System

The portion of profits of a business that are not distributed as dividends to shareholders but are reserved for reinvestment back into business is called Retained Earnings (RE). 

Retained Earnings (RE) = Beginning RE + Net Income – Dividends.

As opposed to commonsensical knowledge, sociology like any other science has its own body of concepts and methods of data collection.

As a social science, sociology does need to have certain agreed upon meanings of social realities and processes in studying. Each subject is required to have a standard vocabulary, terminology, language and concepts through which professionals can converse and maintain the different identity of its subject.
It becomes all the more important to discuss sociological terms so as to distinguish what they mean from commonsensical usage which may have varied meanings and connotations.

• Formal social control includes written, formalized and codified statements in laws, rules, and regulations. Whereas informal control does not contain any written rules.
• Formal control agencies are authorized ones created by government and informal control agencies are created by social networks and organizations but not by government.
• Formal control is much effective and stronger than informal social control. Any situations which cannot be handled by informal control are subjected to formal one.
• Formal control is effective for even large groups of population but informal control is effective only for a small group of people.

Society is a harmonious organisation of humans. Individuals are expected to discharge their roles and perform functions accordingly. In order to exist and progress society has to exercise a certain control over its members. Such controls are termed as social control. According to L.Bernard, “Social control is a process by which stimuli are brought to bear effectively upon some person or group of persons thus producing responses that function in adjustment to the group.”

Differentiation between Ascribed and Achieved Status :

1. Status may be ascribed or achieved. Ascribed status is assigned to an individual either on the basis of his birth and biological characteristics such as ***, age and race or the status of his/her parents.

2. Ascribed status is assigned to an individual by the social system which remain unchangeable.

3. Example : For instance, an individual born in a royal family becomes prince or princess.

4. Similarly in our country Caste plays a vital role in determining the status of a person which is an example of ascribed status.

5. Achieved Status is a position which a person obtains through personal (his or hers, efforts.

Social stratification

• Social stratification refers to the existence of structured inequalities between groups in society, in terms of their access to material or symbolic rewards.
• While all societies involve some forms of social stratification, modern societies are often marked by wide differences in wealth and power.
• The most evident forms of stratification in modern societies involve class divisions, others like race and caste
• The concept of stratification, then, refers to the idea that society is divided into a patterned structure of unequal groups, and usually implies that this structure tends to persist across generations.
• Different bases of social stratification like gender or class constrain existing social processes and also to opportunities and resources available to individuals or groups to compete.

For a caste to be dominant, it should own a sizeable amount of the arable land locally available, have strength of numbers and occupy a high place in the local hierarchy. Dominant castes have localised existance and operate as reference models for Sanskritising castes.

Socialisation is a process by which a person learns to behave in an acceptable manner within the society or group. It refers to the way by which the values and norms of the society or group become a part of the individual’s own way of thinking and feeling. This process is referred to as socialisation and through this the individual becomes a part of the given culture. For society to operate smoothly, individuals must be socialised into institutionalised patterns of behaviour, values and norms.

Reference Group: It is that group to which we do not belong but we aspire to be like them and therefore we try to emulate their lifestyles. For example, for many Indian youths, Americans or Bollywood stars are a reference group.

Peer Group: A type of primary group composed of individuals who are either of similar age or who share a common profession. Peer groups have a very strong influence on the life of an individual.

A social group can be said to have at least the following characteristics:

1. persistent interaction to provide continuity;
2. a stable pattern of these inter- actions;
3. a sense of belonging to identify with other members, i.e. each individual is conscious of the group itself and its own set of rules, rituals and symbols;
4. Shared interest
5. acceptance of common norms and values
6. a definable structure

Quasi group:

• A quasi group is a combination or aggregate that lacks organisation or structure because they are not really a group.

• The members of such groups are not aware of the existence of other groups.

• Social classes, status groups, age and gender groups are the example of quasi group.

Social group:

• A social group is a kind of people who interact with each other and share similar characteristics.

• Collectively they are driven by a common purpose and have a definite sense of unity.

• For example, if you are a member of a family or team or group, where we need to interact with each other so they are considered as a social group.

Jon calls his father the best daddy and captain in the world because he had found the island which was their only hope of survival. Further, the narrator had consistently tried to assure the family that they all would be safe and at the end, had  succeeded in fulfilling his assurances proving to be a responsible and supportive father to his children.

|Give full question.

Take hints from this example:

Open a ‘T’ shape account of creditor, Rakesh and write the following transactions on the proper side:
(i) Goods purchased from Rakesh on credit – Rs. 50,000
(ii) Goods returned to Rakesh for – Rs. 5,000
(iii) Paid to Rakesh – Rs. 20,000
(iv) Purchase goods from Rakesh on credit – Rs. 10,000

Rakesh Account (Creditors)

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