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थोक मूल्य सूचकांक (WPI) की गणना थोक बाजार में उत्पादकों और बड़े व्यापारियों द्वारा किये गए भुगतान के आधार पर की जाती है. इसमें उत्पादन के प्रथम चरण में अदा किये गए मूल्यों की गणना की जाती है. भारत में मुद्रा स्फीति की गणना इसी सूचकांक के आधार पर की जाती है.

दुनिया का पहला रेडियो स्टेशन ली द फोरेस्ट ने न्यूयॉर्क में 1918 में शुरु किया था

No Confidence Motion also called as Motion of No Confidence, a Vote of No Confidence is a formal proposal in Lok Sabha to evoke a decision of the house. No Confidence Motion can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha. 
The “No Confidence Motion” is an important tool against the Council of Ministers (COM) in the Lok Sabha. If 51% of the members of the house vote in favour of the “No Confidence Motion”, it is passed and the Government is deemed to have lost majority and has to resign from office. The Government has to prove its majority in the house either by bringing in a vote of confidence or the opposition can ask the Government to prove its majority after it brings a “No Confidence Motion” .
At times, the opposition also brings the “No Confidence Motion” to force the Government to discuss important issues.

Learning is the process of acquiring new understanding, knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, attitudes, and preferences. There are three main types of learning: classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning. Both classical and operant conditioning are forms of associative learning, in which associations are made between events that occur together.

Learned helplessness, in psychology, a mental state in which an organism forced to bear aversive stimuli, or stimuli that are painful or otherwise unpleasant, becomes unable or unwilling to avoid subsequent encounters with those stimuli, even if they are “escapable,” presumably because it has learned that it cannot control the situation.

Learned helplessness occurs when an individual continuously faces a negative, uncontrollable situation and stops trying to change their circumstances, even when they have the ability to do so. For example, a smoker may repeatedly try and fail to quit. Three components are necessary for learned helplessness to be present: contingency, cognition, and behavior. Learned helplessness theory is the view that clinical depression and related mental illnesses may result from such real or perceived absence of control over the outcome of a situation.

Schedules of reinforcement are the precise rules that are used to present (or to remove) reinforcers (or punishers) following a specified operant behavior. These rules are defined in terms of the time and/or the number of responses required in order to present (or to remove) a reinforcer (or a punisher).

There are four basic types of intermittent schedules of reinforcement and these are:

• Fixed-Ratio (FR) Schedule.
• Fixed Interval (FI) Schedule.
• Variable-Ratio (VR) schedule.
• Variable-Interval (VI) schedule.

Observational learning describes the process of learning through watching others, retaining the information, and then later replicating the behaviors that were observed. ... A tremendous amount of learning happens through this process of watching and imitating others. In psychology, this is known as observational learning. Observational learning occurs through observing negative and positive behaviors. Bandura believes in reciprocal determinism in which the environment can influence people's behavior and vice versa. For instance, the Bobo doll experiment shows that the model, in a determined environment, affects children's behavior.

Operant conditioning (also called instrumental conditioning) is a type of associative learning process through which the strength of a behavior is modified by reinforcement or punishment. It is also a procedure that is used to bring about such learning. ... Operant behavior is said to be "voluntary". Skinner in his theory of operant conditioning. ... The reward is a reinforcing stimulus. Skinner showed how positive reinforcement worked by placing a hungry rat in his Skinner box. The box contained a lever on the side, and as the rat moved about the box, it would accidentally knock the lever.

There are three main types of learning: classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning. Both classical and operant conditioning are forms of associative learning, in which associations are made between events that occur together.

The evidences in support of continental drift theory are :

(i)The matching of continents :  The shorelines of Africa and Sout America facing each other have a remarkable and unmistakable match.

(ii)Rocks of same age across the oceans :The belt of ancient rocks of 2000 millions years ages from Brazil coast matches with those from western Africa.

(iii)Tillite: These are the sedimentary rocks formed out of deposits of glaciers. The Gondwana system of sediments from India is known to have its counterparts in six different landmasses Southern Hemisphere. The glacial tillites provide unambiguous evidences of palaeoclimates and also of drifting of continents.

(iv)Placer deposits : The occurrence of rich placer deposits of gold in Ghana coast and the complete absence of source rock in the region is an amazing fact. The gold bearing veins are in Brazil and it can be inferred that the gold deposits of Ghana were derived from the Brazil Plateau when the two continents lay side by side.

(v)Distribution of fossils : The similar species of plants and animals are found in different parts of Gondwanaland. The observations that Lemurs occur in India, Madagascar and Africa led some to consider a contiguous landmass “Lemuria” linking these three landmasses.

A landform is a natural or artificial feature of the solid surface of the Earth or other planetary body. Landforms together make up a given terrain, and their arrangement in the landscape is known as topography. landforms include hills, mountains, plateaus, canyons, and valleys, as well as shoreline features such as bays, peninsulas, and seas, including submerged features such as mid-ocean ridges, volcanoes, and the great ocean basins.

<a data-ved="2ahUKEwihrPKuy9_tAhXPIbcAHZjoCKgQ9QF6BAgUEAE" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=How+such+landform+is+formed?&rlz=1C1CHBD_enIN888IN888&sxsrf=ALeKk01aV4VdiqQKjJt4Sj_usCCHOEC6Cw:1608571382709&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=T2gQzD_nlYj0yM%252C_4YddOSmHkYZEM%252C_&vet=1&usg=AI4_-kQwahySom08RZeBlggUdxcy9Ewxww&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwihrPKuy9_tAhXPIbcAHZjoCKgQ9QF6BAgUEAE#imgrc=T2gQzD_nlYj0yM"></a>

Landforms are categorized by characteristic physical attributes such as elevation, slope, orientation, stratification, rock exposure, and soil type. ... Tectonic plate movement under the Earth can create landforms by pushing up mountains and hills. Tectonic plate movement under the Earth can create landforms by pushing up mountains and hills. Erosion by water and wind can wear down land and create landforms like valleys and canyons. Both processes happen over a long period of time, sometimes millions of years.

 कबीर जी इस पंक्ति में हिन्दुओं और मुस्लमानों के लिए बोल रहे हैं। उनका अर्थ है कि ये दोनों धर्म आंडबरों में उलझे हुए हैं। इन्हें सच्ची भक्ति का अर्थ नहीं मालूम है। धार्मिक आंडबरों को धर्म मानकर चलते हैं। कबीर के अनुसार ये दोनों भटके हुए हैं।

Laws may be formal and written exercised by institutions e.g.; Parliament, police.
Laws are explicit-very clear on paper and are the same for everybody in that society. They also provide severe, specific, unchangeable punishment. Rewards in forms of citations, medal, honor, cash prize, Bharat Ratna. Formal laws are the same everywhere and depend upon societal requirement.
Norms: Norms are informal and unwritten. They are exercised by the primary group which includes family and friends.
Laws are:

• Implicit: Ambiguity can be there, depends upon the people and situations.
• Punishment given in indifferent contexts.
• Informal reward like pat on back etc. hug etc.
• Differs from person to person, place to place, based on values/cultures of society.

T

he square root of a negative real number is called an imaginary quantity or imaginary number. e.g., √-3, √-7/2

The quantity √-1 is an imaginary number, denoted by ‘i’, called iota.

Integral Powers of Iota  (i)

i=√-1, i² = -1, i³ = -i, i⁴=1

So, i⁴ⁿ⁺¹= i, i⁴ⁿ⁺² = -1, i⁴ⁿ⁺³ = -i, i⁴ⁿ⁺⁴ = i⁴ⁿ = 1

In other words,

iⁿ = (-1)^n/2, if n is an even integer
iⁿ = (-1)^(n-1)/2.i, if is an odd integer

‘Fritz’ is a short story written by Satyajit Ray and is about a Swiss doll whose name is Fritz.

The characters Jayanto and Shankar are friends in the story and whereas Shankar is a school teacher and the narrator of the story, Jayanto works in the editorial department of a newspaper.

 Jayanto comes across as a light hearted, fun loving person, though a bit timid and not so confident being. Shankar, on the other hand, has been shown as a strong and confident personality with sharp logical reasoning and a fearless streak.

The functioning of Indian electoral system has experienced a number of disadvantages and atrocities. The inconsistency between the votes registered for a party and the seats conquered in parliament, the multitude of political parties, personality cult in party system, utilization of caste and communal allegiances, part of muscle and money power, wrongful utilization of governmental machinery, corruptive exercises like booth-conquering, intimidation and impersonation of voters are essential negative features of Indian electoral system.