It is the ability of an atom to gain or lose electron in order to achieve the noble gas configuration. It refers to the ability of an element to combine with other element. It is obtained by determining the number of electrons in the outermost shell (also called valence shell) of each atom of an element. For instance, sodium has 1 electron in its outermost shell and hence valency of sodium is 1.

A character from the novel Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens.

A computer network is a group of computers that use a set of common communication protocols over digital interconnections for the purpose of sharing resources located on or provided by the network nodes.

The Teachings of Buddha:

• According to Buddhism, the w’orld is transient (anicca) and constantly changing and it is also soulless (anatta). Within this transient world, sorrow (dukkha) is intrinsic to human existence.
• Buddha emphasised individual agency and righteous action as the means to escape from the cycle of rebirth and attain self-realisation and nibbana.

Followers of the Buddha:

• Buddha founded a ‘Sangha’, an organisation of monks who became teachers of ‘dhamma’. As they lived on alms, they were known as ‘bhikkhus’.
• Later women also entered the ‘Sangha’ and were known as bhikkhuni. Buddha’s foster mother, Mahapajapati Gotami was the first woman to become ‘bhikkhuni’. Buddha’s followers included kings, wealthy men, gahapatis and also ordinary people like workers, slaves and craft people.
• Buddhism appealed to many people dissatisfied with existing religious practices and confused by the rapid social changes taking place around them.

Dialysate solution or dialyzing fluid is a nonsterile aqueous electrolyte solution that is similar to the normal levels of electrolytes  found in extracellular fluid with the exception of the buffer bicarbonate and potassium.

an arranged series of 4n terms

Total term are even  Hence

Median will be mean  of   4n/2   & 4n/2  + 1  term

Median Would be  Mean of  2n  & 2n+ 1  Term

Median  = (2n  term + (2n+1) term) / 2=( 4n+1)/2

A region in the interior of a circle enclosed by a chord and an arc is called a segment of the circle

Given, area of an isosceles right triangle = 8 cm²
Area of an isosceles triangle = 1/2 (Base x Height)
⇒  8 = 1/2 (Base x Base)
[∴ base = height, as triangle is an isosceles triangle]
⇒ (Base)2 =16 ⇒  Base= 4 cm

In ΔABC, using Pythagoras theorem
AC² = AB² + BC² = 42 + 42 = 16 + 16
⇒ AC² = 32 ⇒  AC = √32 cm
[taking positive square root because length is always positive]
Hence, the length of its hypotenuse is √32 cm.

• The resistivity of a material is the resistance of a wire of that material of unit length and unit cross-sectional area. The unit for resistivity is the ohm-metre.
• The resistivity of a material depends on its nature and the temperature of the conductor, but not on its shape and size.
• A good conductor has less resistivity, whereas a bad conductor or insulator has high resistivity.

The product of -90 integers x 9 integers = - 810 integers. So the answer is positive integer. Because the negative integers on multiplication become positive so the end result will also be positive. The sign of the product will be positive because there 80 negative integers which is an even number so it will nullify the negative so positive multiplied by positive will always be positive.

1. The Lengthiest Constitution: Indian Constitution is a written constitution. It is the lengthiest constitution in the world. It has 395 articles and schedules (now 12). It is a book of more than 250 pages.

2. The Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles of State Policies: In our Constitution Indian citizens have been provided with six fundamental rights. And for the establishment of social and economic democracy and for the welfare of its citizens, some directives have been given to the central and the state governments.

3. A unique blend of Unitary and Federal Governments: According to the constitution, India has been declared federal and it looks federal but it has the unitary bias. Thus Indian constitution is federal in form but unitary in spirit.

4. The Fundamental Duties: By the 42nd Amendment in 1976, 10 fundamental duties have been also incorporated in the Indian Constitution.

5. Blend of Flexibility and Rigidity: The Indian Constitution is a blend of flexibility and rigidity. Some of the articles as change in the name of any state or in the boundaries, etc. are amended by a simple majority of the Parliament.

(1) The Indian Constitution was made by a Constituent Assembly which had been elected for undivided India.

(2) It held its first sitting on 9 December, 1946 and reassembled on 14 August 1947. Its members were elected by in direct election by the members of the Provisional Legislative Assemblies that had been established in 1935.

(3) It was composed roughly along the lines suggested by the Cabinet Mission. After the partition those members who were elected from territories which fell under Pakistan ceased to be the members of the Constituent Assembly. The numbers in the Assembly were reduced to 299 of which 284 were actually present on 26 November1949 and appended their signature to the Constitution as finally passed.

(4) Although the members of the Assembly were not elected by universal suffrage, there was a serious attempt to make the Assembly are presentative body. 26 members were from scheduled classes. Members of all religions were given representation.

A hyperlink is when you type the link of the site you would like in order to quickly send the reader where you would like. A hyperlink looks like this: www.google.com 

When creating a hyperlink you first type, or copy and then paste the site address wherever you would like. Then you highlight the link and click insert which is in the top left corner. Once you have clicked insert you will then scroll down and click "link". The address will then show up as another color and underlined indicating it is now a hyperlink.

A hypertext is when you type a word, and then attach a link to that word so that upon clicking on that word the reader will be send to the site attached. A hypertext looks like this: Google
When creating a  hypertext, you first type the word that you would like to use. Then select the word, and click insert. After clicking insert, you click link. Once clicking link you select the option web address and copy and paste or directly type the address into the URL option. 

Silk cloths: negatively charged

Glass rod: positively charged

When glass rod is rubbed with silk clothes, glass quickly loses electrons, and silk takes electrons out of the glass rod. So after rubbing, the glass rod becomes positively charged  and the silk gets negative charge.

Constant Polynomials : An expression consisting of only constants is called as constant polynomial.
For Example: 7, -27, 3, etc. are some constant polynomials.

Good morning to the Principal mam, sir, madam and my dear friends. I … studying in class … standard, would like to speech on cleanliness. I am very grateful to my class teacher that she has given me such a great opportunity to recite a speech on cleanliness at this event. My dear friends, we all are good people, no one is bad. Then why we are making our future bad and diseased by spreading dirty things and wastes everywhere. Our country is our home; we should not make it dirty. We get respect as an Indian in the abroad so our country is our identity on this planet. It is our responsibility to keep it clean and bright so that it can earn more respect worldwide.

We keep our homes clean then why not our schools, colleges, roads, offices, tourist places, stations, etc all through the country. We only remember that we have to clean a place where we live, means a home only. But why we do not remember that our country is our main home. Our home is our identity within the country however our country is our identity outside the country means in abroad. We are responsible citizens of it then we have to make it clean and no one else. In order to get respect from others, first we have to respect our property and keep it clean.

We keep our homes and religious places clean and do not wear shoes or slippers inside, so that they can be clean. But, on the other hand, we follow wrong practices and spit out on the roads, corners of office buildings, etc. We throw wastes on the roads or corners of the colony; what is this? I am asking what this is. I am not saying that I am only good or I never involved in such activities. I am just saying that how long we will be unconscious and involved in such type of unconscious activities. When the day will come, we will be much conscious every moment so that such bad activities cannot be happened. If we are not trying to keep our country clean then how we will protect tourists from other countries from making it dirty.

I think, none of the day is better than today. Today is the day when we should promise ourselves and our mother country that we will keep it clean forever and never make it dirty in future. Just think that, how bright our homes and whole country look at Diwali, what will happen if it look daily. If the cleanliness only at Diwali can give us confidence, power and positive energy for the whole year, then again think that, can we not get power, confidence, positive energy, a healthy life, a healthy environment, and positive attitude of other countries worldwide forever.

Thank You.
 

The Growth of Buddhism

i.Buddhism grew rapidly both during the lifetime of the Buddha and after his death. 
ii.It appealed to many people dissatisfied with existing religious practices and confused by the rapid social changes taking place around them.
iii.The importance attached to conduct and values rather than claims of superiority based on birth, the emphasis placed on metta(fellow feeling) and karuna(compassion), especially for those who were younger and weaker than oneself, were ideas that drew men and women to Buddhist teachings.
iv.Buddhism grew due to Buddhist text-Tipitaka (the VinayaPitaka, SuttaPitaka, AbhidhammaPitaka), the Dipavamsa&Mahavamsa, Ashokavadana, Jatakas and Buddhist hagiography.
v.Buddhist Sanghas, Bhikkhus and Bhikkhunis spread the message.
vi.Stupas
vii.Ashokan pillars and inscriptions
viii.Dhamma–mahamattas
ix.Buddhist sects –Hinayana and Mahayana
x.Support of Rulers
xi.Foreign pilgrims