The business class in India initially supported the Civil Disobedience Movement. This was because the industrialists and merchants in India had become rich during the First World War. They were keen on expanding their businesses and wanted protection against foreign industries. Many eminent industrialists such as Purshottamdas Thakurdas and G. D. Birla criticised the colonial government for its control over the Indian economy which prevented their growth. They provided financial assistance during the movement, and refused to buy and sell imported goods. Many industrialists began to see swaraj as a time when colonial restrictions on business will end. However, towards the end, they became apprehensive of the growing influence of socialism among the younger members of the Congress.

The following steps have been taken to control price rise.
(i) Monetary Measures: The Reserve Bank of India takes the following monetary measures to control price rise:

It increases the Bank rate; i.e, the rate at which it lends money to the commercial banks. As a corollary, the commercial banks increase the rate of interest while lending money to their customers. The increase in the interest rate curbs the tendency to borrow money and invest the same in speculative ventures.

The increase in the rate of interest on the deposits encourages the consumers to invest their surplus funds. Thereby surplus funds go out of circulation. The tendency to make unnecessary purchases is curbed. This reduces the demand for the goods. The Reserve Bank withdraws surplus funds from the market by selling the government securities. It increases the Cash Reserve Ration and reduces the availability of funds with the commercial banks.

(ii) Fiscal Measures are taken by the government to control price rise. These are: The government reduces the public expenditure, postpones plans involving heavy expenditure and curbs wasteful expenditure. It increases the level of existing taxes and imposes new taxes and thereby reduces spending capacity of the people. It borrows money from the market, private individuals and institutions. Thereby, it curtails excess purchasing power and demand for goods and services.

(iii) Control on investment is a direct step to curb price rise. It encourages productive investments in agricultural and consumer goods industries. Thereby the supply of food grains and consumer goods in increased. At the same time, it discourages speculative investments.

(iv) Price Regulation and Rationing was introduced in India for the first time during the Second World War and continued till 1972, when India became self-sufficient in production of food grains. The price control continues even today. Essential commodities are mad available to the weaker sections through the public distribution system of the society. For this purpose a chain of Fair Price Shops has been set up. The government gives subsidy of food grains, petroleum products and gas to keep prices under control.

(v) Administered Price Mechanism the government has made it obligatory for all the manufacturers to state the MRP (Maximum Retail Price) on their products, which are inclusive of all taxes. Essential Commodities Act, 1955 lays down the level of stocks to be maintained and their display. The traders are required to maintain stock registers. Any disparity between actual stock and that mentioned in stock register attracts punishment.

Chapter 1 Power Sharing

1. With this chapter, we resume the tour of democracy that we started last year.
2. An intelligent sharing of power among a legislature, executive and judiciary is very important to the design of a democracy.
3. We start with two stories from Belgium and Sri Lanka.
4. Both these stories are about how democracies handle demands for power sharing.

Belgium and Sri Lanka:

1. Belgium is a small country in Europe.
2. It has borders with Netherlands, France and Germany.
3. 59% in the Flemish region speaks Dutch.
4. Another 40% people live in Wallonia region and speaks French.
5. Remaining 1% of the Belgians speak Germany.
6. n the capital city Brussels, 80% people speak French while 20% are Dutch – speaking.
7. The minority French – speaking community was relatively rich and powerful.
8. This was resented by the Dutch-speaking community who got the benefit of the economic development and education much later.
9. The tension between two communities was acuter in Brussels.
10. Like other nations in the south Asia region, Sri Lanka has a diverse population.
11. The Sinhala speaks are 74% and Tamil speakers are 18%
12. Among Tamils, there are two sub groups, Tamil natives of the country are called “Sri Lankan Tamils”; the rest whose forefathers came from India as a population workers during the colonial period, is called ‘Indian Tamils’.

Majoritarianism in Sri Lanka:

1. Sri Lankan emerged as an independent country in 1948.
2. The leaders of the Sinhala community sought to secure dominance over the government by virtue of their majority.
3. In 1956, an Act was passed to recognize Sinhala as the only official language, thus disregarding Tamil.
4. A new constitution stipulated that the state shall protect and foster Buddhism.
5. All these coming measures, coming one after the other, gradually increased the feeling of alienation among the Sri Lankan Tamils.
6. As a result, the relations between the Sinhala and Tamil communities strained over time.
7. The Sri Lankan Tamils launched parties and struggles.
8. But their demand for more autonomy to provinces populated by the Tamils was repeatedly denied.
9. The distrust between the two communities turned into widespread conflict. It soon turned into CIVIL WAR.
10. The civil war caused a terrible setback to the social, cultural and economic life of the country.

Accommodation in Belgium:

1. Belgium recognized the existence of regional differences and cultural diversities.
2. Between 1970 and 1993, they amended their constitution four times so as to work out an arrangement that would enable everyone to live together within the same country.
3. Here are some of the elements of the Belgian model:
   a. Constitution prescribes that the number of Dutch and French-speaking ministers shall be equal in the central government.
   b. Many powers of the central government have been given to states government of the two of the regions of the country.
   c. Brussels has separated government in which both the communities have equal representation.
   d. Apart from the central and state government, there is a third kind of government. This is community government.
4. In Belgium, the leaders have realized that the unity of the country is possible only by respecting the feelings and interests of different communities and regions.
5. Sri Lanka shows us a contrasting example. It shows us that if a majority community wants to force its dominance over others and refuses to share power, it can undermine the unity of the country.

Why is power sharing desirable?

1. Thus, two different sets of reasons can be given in favor of power sharing.
2. Firstly, power sharing is good because it helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups.
3. There is a second, deeper reason why power sharing is good for democracy. Power sharing is very spirit of democracy. A democratic rule involves sharing power with those affected by its exercise, and who have to live with it effects.
4. Let us call the first set of reasons PRUDENTIAL and the second moral.
5. While prudential reasons stress that power sharing will bring out better outcomes, moral reasons emphasizes the very act of the power sharing as valuable.

Forms of power sharing:

1. The idea of power sharing has emerged in opposition to the notions of undivided political power.
2. For a long time, it was believed that all power of a government must reside in one person or group of a person located at one place.
3. One basic principle of power sharing is that people are the source of all political power.
4. In a good democratic government, due respect is given to diverse groups and views that exist in a society.
5. Everyone has a voice in the shaping of public politics.
6. Therefore, it follows that in a democracy political power should be distributed among as many citizens as possible.

Let us look at some of the most common arrangements that we have or will come across.

1. Power is shared among different organs of the government, such as the legislature, executive, and judiciary. Let us call this horizontal distribution of power because it allows different organs of the government placed at the same level to exercise different powers.
2. Power can be shared among governments at different levels – a general government for the entire country and governments at the provincial or regional level. The division of higher and lower levels of government is called the vertical division of power.
3. Power may also be shared among different social groups, such as the religious and linguistic groups. ‘Community government’ is a good example of this arrangement.
4. Power sharing arrangement can also be seen in the way political parties, pressure groups and movements control or influence those in power.

The passes across the mountains in the north have provided passages to the ancient travellers. These routes have contributed in the exchange of ideas and commodities since ancient times. The ideas of Upanishads, Ramayana, the stories of Panchtantra, the Indian numerals and the decimal system could thus, reach many parts of the world. The spices, muslin and other merchandise were taken from India to different countries. On the other hand, influence of Greek sculpture, their architectural styles of domes and minarets can be seen in India.

The boiling point for Gallium stands at approximately 2200 degrees Celsius, and its density is 5.907 grams per cubic centimetre which is high like the density of water.

• Manures are natural fertilizers. They are bulky sources of organic matter which supply nutrients in small quantities but organic matter in large quantities.
• Manures are prepared by the decomposition of animal excreta and plant waste. Manures include farmyard manure (FYM), compost, green manure etc.

‘Tutankhamun’ means the ‘living image of Amun’. Amun was the major god in the ancient Egyptian society whose temples and images were destroyed by a preceding ruler named Akhenaten. He destroyed the ancient religious order of the Egyptians. Tut’s changing of his name represents his efforts in the restoration of the old ways that were once destroyed.

22234 + 3567 = 25,801

Absolute zero is the lower limit of the thermodynamic temperature scale, a state at which the enthalpy and entropy of a cooled ideal gas reaches its minimum value, taken as 0. The Kelvin scale is an absolute, thermodynamic temperature scale using as its null point absolute zero, the temperature at which all thermal motion ceases in the classical description of thermodynamics.

We know that, 25² = 625
And, 26² = 676
Now, 676 - 625 = 51
So, there are 51 - 1 = 50 numbers lying between 25² and 26²

Wanted a receptionist 

Need a female receptionist at D K International School.

Work: Attending the visitors and parents and maintain the administrative records. 

Working hours is 8:00 AM to 3:00 PM. Must be graduated in clerical studies or administrative studies and should have a pleasing personality. 

Interested ones must apply in the administrative office at PO Box 3322, New Delhi.

When Indian got independence in 1947, present-day Meghalaya comprised two districts of Assam and enjoyed partial autonomy within the state of Assam.

A movement began in 1960, demand for a separate Hill State.

The Assam Reorganisation (Meghalaya) Act of 1969 accorded an autonomous status to Meghalaya.

The Act came into effect on 2 April 1970, and an autonomous state of Meghalaya was created in  Assam.

The autonomous state had a 37-member legislature in at par  Sixth schedule to the Indian constitution.

The story has an appropriate and suggestive title. It is the centre of attention throughout and the whole story revolves around it. The beginning of the story serves as preparation for it. The unusual quietness at school, presence of village elders and the teacher in his Sunday best dress-all point out to the unusual and unique occasion-the last lesson in French in a French village school in a district conquered by the Prussians. While delivering the last lesson, the teacher wants to transmit all his knowledge in one go. He explains everything with patience and the students as well as old villagers listen attentively.
For the narrator it is an unforgettable experience. “Ah, how well I remember it, that last lesson,” says he. Old Hauser is crying and his voice trembled with emotion. As the teacher is unable to express His emotions because of choked throat, he ends the lesson by writing Wive La France’ on the blackboard. He makes a gesture with his hand to indicate that the school is dismissed and students can go home.

• Honey has medicinal value specially in disorders that are related to digestion and liver ailments.
• As it contains iron and calcium, it also helps in the growth of the body.
• It is used as a source of sugar in various confectionery items.

1. For an introduction, you can start with the following phrases-
   1. The chart given above describes
   2. The table suggests
   3. The line graph shows
   4. The data given provides information about
   5. The pie chart illustrates, etc.
2. For describing trends, use phrases and words like- a pattern of growth, rapidly doubled, skyrocketed, striking increase, peaked, soaring rates, declined, plummeted, leveled off, stagnated, fluctuate, starting to rise, starting to fall, drop down, slightly, etc.
3. For describing quantities, use various styles like- 48% of, one-third of, nearly one-fourth of, almost 80%, majority, on average, twice as much, almost equal, the highest, the lowest, very close to 2%, roughly, approximately 5% of, just under three percent, etc.
4. For establishing a relationship or contrast, use phrases and words like- relationship between, similarly, in contrast with, in comparison to, but in the opposite case, however, whereas, when it comes to, as opposed to, while, striking difference, noticeable difference, etc.
5. For the conclusion and other connecting phrases use- overall, subsequently, in all, in a nutshell, for the chart given, in short, striking changes, including, therefore, etc.

The first trophic level in any food chain is of producers which are green plants. They capture sunlight and convert solar energy into chemical energy. This energy is then transferred to other organisms as they feed on producers. The energy transferred from one trophic level follows 10 per cent law according to which only 10% of the energy is transferred from one trophic level to subsequent higher trophic level. Thus this energy is in the form of chemical energy.