Francis Crick in 1956 proposed the hypothesis of Central Dogma This explains the flow of genetic information in any biological system.

(a) The unit sale prices of <i>x</i>, <i>y</i>, and <i>z </i>are respectively given as Rs 2.50, Rs 1.50, and Rs 1.00.

Consequently, the total revenue in market I can be represented in the form of a matrix as:

The total revenue in market II can be represented in the form of a matrix as:

Therefore, the total revenue in market I isRs 46000 and the same in market II isRs 53000.

(b) The unit cost prices of <i>x</i>, <i>y</i>, and <i>z </i>are respectively given as Rs 2.00, Rs 1.00, and 50 paise.

Consequently, the total cost prices of all the products in market I can be represented in the form of a matrix as:

Since the total revenue in market I isRs 46000, the gross profit in this marketis (Rs 46000 − Rs 31000) Rs 15000.

The total cost prices of all the products in market II can be represented in the form of a matrix as:

Since the total revenue in market II isRs 53000, the gross profit in this market is (Rs 53000 − Rs 36000) Rs 17000

Capacitanceis denoted by, C = Q/V. It depends on:

• Geometrical configuration (shape, size, separation) of the system of two conductors.
• Nature of insulator/dielectric separating

Four

AaBbCC will produce 4 types of gametes which are as follows- ABC, AbC, aBC, abC. The number of gametes formed is decided by the number of heterozygous alleles present in the given genotype. 2^n is the formula used to find it out, where n=number of heterozygous alleles present in the genotype. Say for example, in the above genotype Aa & Bb are the 2 heterozygous alleles, so here n=2. Putting the values in the formula , we get 2^2=4. Hence 4 types of gametes are formed.

The mallow family (Malvaceae) contains some 243 genera and at least 4,225 species of herbaceous plants, shrubs, and trees distributed nearly worldwide.

Ohm’s Law

• Ohm’s law is named after the scientist Ohm who gave this law.
• According to the Ohm’s law current flowing through a conductor is directly ∝ to the potential difference applied between the ends of the conductor.
• This means if the potential difference applied at the ends increases then the current flowing through the conductor also increases and vice-versa.
• Mathematically
  • Current flowing through the conductor I ∝ V where V is the potential difference applied at the ends of the conductor.
  • Or I=(constant) V where constant = 1/R where R =resistance of the conductor
  • => I=(1/R)V
  • =>V=IR

In molecular cloning, a vector is a DNA molecule used as a vehicle or carrier which carries the desired gene from donor to recipient cell, where it can be replicated and/or expressed. The plasmid is extrachromosomal circular DNA which acts as vector DNA. The plasmid is the most important vector as it possesses multiple cloning sites, an origin of replication and a selectable marker.

Useful Microorganisms

• These form a significant part of the ecosystem and participate in the production of minerals and gases like oxygen, carbon dioxide. 
• They also feed on the dead and decaying matter by converting the complex compounds into the simpler ones.
• The biogeochemical cycle such as the nitrogen cycle is an important example of useful microorganisms.
• Microorganisms are used in various industries for the production of various metabolites such as ethanol, riboflavin, lactic acid, and butanol. 

Argyrol is a silver sol and is used as an eye lotion. It is manufactured in the chemical industry to pharmaceutical-grade only, using denatured pharmaceutical-grade protein for ophthalmic application and elemental silver, to produce the silver protein molecule.
Also, colloidal antimony (kajal) has been found effective in treating eye diseases.

In angiosperms, flower is the reproductive organ of the plant. Stamen, the male reproductive part of flower, is made up of anther and filament. Carpel is the female reproductive part and is composed of stigma, style and ovary. The flower may be unisexual that is, it contains either stamens or carpels or bisexual which contains both stamens and carpels. Stamen produces pollen grains that are yellowish in colour. The ovary contains ovules and each ovule has an egg cell. When a pollen grain falls on the stigma of the carpel, it bursts open and grows into a pollen tube downwards through the style towards the female gamete in the ovary. A male gamete moves down the pollen tube and enters the ovule in the ovary. The tip of the pollen tube bursts open and male gamete comes out of the pollen tube which combines with the nucleus of the female gamete present in the ovule to form a fertilised egg called zygote. 

The pollen needs to be transferred from the stamen to the stigma. The transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a stamen to the stigma of a carpel is called pollination.

If this transfer of pollen occurs in the same flower, it is referred to as self-pollination but if the pollen is transferred from one flower to another, it is known as cross-pollination. The process of pollination is achieved by agents like wind, water or animals. After the pollen lands on a suitable stigma, it has to reach the female germ-cells which are in the ovary. For this, a tube grows out of the pollen grain and travels through the style to reach the ovary. The fertilised egg divides several times to form an embryo within the ovule which develops a tough coat around it and is gradually converted into a seed. The ovary of the flower develops and becomes a fruit with seeds inside it.

• The process of fusion of one male gamete with the egg along with the union of the second male gamete with the two polar nuclei or the secondary nucleus is called double fertilisation.
• Out of the two male gametes, one fuses with the egg to carry out generative fertilisation or syngamy. It gives rise to a diploid zygote or oosphere.
• The nucleus of the second male gamete fuses with two haploid polar nuclei or diploid secondary nucleus of the central cell to form a triploid primary endosperm nucleus (PEN). The central cell is called primary endosperm cell (PEC). This is called vegetative fertilisation or triple fusion
  

Liver is the largest gland and second largest organ of Human Body. It can weigh up to 1.3 to 1.6 Kg for a human adult and is a reddish brown in colour.