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Yogita Ingle 5 years ago (2577571)
Cockroaches are pests inhabiting the unhygienic and damp places. They are dark brown in colour belonging to the phylum Arthropoda, the Blattidae family, and class Insecta.
Cockroaches have 13 chambered hearts. 3 chambers are present in the thorax and 10 in the abdomen.
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Yogita Ingle 5 years ago (2577571)
Given equations are
2x+3y=11−−−−(1)
2x−4y=−24−−−−(2)
Form (1)
2x+3y=11
⇒2x=11−3y
⇒x=211−3y−−−(3)
substituting x in(2)
2x−4y=−24
⇒2(211−3y)−4y=−24
⇒11−3y−4y=−24
⇒11−7y=−24
⇒7y=35
⇒y=35/7
⇒y=5.
putting y = 5 in (3)
x=[11−3(5)]/2
⇒x=[11−15]/2
⇒x=−4/2
∴x=−2.
Hence x = -2 and y = 5 is the solution of the
equation.
Now, we have to find m
y=mx+3 ∴m=−1
5=3(−2)+3
5−3=−2m⇒−2m=2
⇒m=−2/x=−1
Posted by Neil Modi 5 years ago (10008913)
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Yogita Ingle 5 years ago (2577571)
- The sequential event in the heart which is cyclically repeated is called the cardiac cycle and it consists of systole and diastole of both the atria and ventricles.
- Duration of a cardiac cycle is 0.8 seconds.
- During a cardiac cycle, each ventricle pumps out approximately 70 mL of blood which is called the stroke volume.
- The stroke volume multiplied by the heart rate gives the cardiac output.
- Cardiac output can be defined as the volume of blood pumped out by each ventricle per minute and averages 5000 mL or 5 litres in a healthy individual.
- As the tricuspid and bicuspid valves are open, blood from the pulmonary veins and vena cava flows into the left and the right ventricle respectively through the left and right atria and the semilunar valves are closed at this stage.
- The SAN now generates an action potential which stimulates both the atria to undergo a simultaneous contraction – the atrial systole.
- The action potential is conducted to the ventricular side by the AVN and AV bundle from where the bundle of HIS transmits it through the entire ventricular musculature, which causes the ventricular muscles to contract, (ventricular systole), the atria undergoes relaxation (diastole), coinciding with the ventricular systole.
- Ventricular systole increases the ventricular pressure causing the closure of tricuspid and bicuspid valves.
- As the ventricular pressure increases further, the semilunar valves guarding the pulmonary artery (right side) and the aorta (left side) are forced open, allowing the blood in the ventricles to flow through these vessels into the circulatory pathways.
- The ventricles now relax (ventricular diastole) and the ventricular pressure falls causing the closure of semilunar valves which prevents the backflow of blood into the ventricles.
- As the ventricular pressure declines further, the tricuspid and bicuspid valves are pushed open by the pressure in the atria exerted by the blood which was being emptied into them by the veins and the blood now once again moves freely to the ventricles, leading the ventricles and atria again in a relaxed (joint diastole) state.
- Again, the SAN generates a new action potential and the events are repeated.
- During each cardiac cycle two prominent sounds are produced which can be easily heard through a stethoscope.
- The first heart sound (lub) is associated with the closure of the tricuspid and bicuspid valves, whereas the second heart sound (dub) is associated with the closure of the semilunar valves.
Posted by Neil Modi 5 years ago (10008913)
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Yogita Ingle 5 years ago (2577571)
The double circulation of blood includes:
(i) Systematic Circulation
(ii) Pulmonary Circulation
Systematic Circulation
- Systemic circulation transfers oxygenated blood from left ventricles to capillaries in the tissue.
- The oxygen-rich blood is passed to the aorta for distribution into various body sections.
- The veins and venules later absorb the deoxygenated blood which is rich in carbon dioxide from different parts of the body.
- The deoxygenated blood is transferred back to the superior vena cava, then on to the right atrium.
- The right atrium transports blood to the right ventricle for pulmonary circulation, after receiving the deoxygenated blood.
Pulmonary Circulation
- The distribution of blood starts in the pulmonary circulation from the right atrium to the left atrium.
- The pulmonary artery receives the blood from the right ventricle and carries to the lungs for oxygenation.
- When the oxygenated blood is pumped back to the left atrium via the pulmonary vein, that is brought to the left ventricles, after the purification process.
It is necessary for a human being to separate oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood because this makes their circulatory system more efficient and helps in maintaining constant body temperature.
Posted by Neil Modi 5 years ago (10008913)
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Yogita Ingle 5 years ago (2577571)
- High Blood Pressure:
The pressure which is created by the blood flow on the wall of blood vessels. In humans, the normal range of blood pressure is 120/80. In this range, 120 is the systolic blood pressure and 80 is the diastolic blood pressure.
Systolic blood pressure – It is defined as the pressure that is created in the arteries when blood flows through arteries to the rest of the body when the heartbeats.
- Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)Coronary artery disease is also termed as atherosclerosis. Coronary Artery Disease is the disease which is caused by the deposition of waxy substances in the blood vessels which supplies the blood to the heart muscle and this deposition leads to the blockage of the blood flow. The examples of waxy substances are fat, cholesterol and fibrous tissues. As a result, it may also cause a heart attack.
- Angina
Angina is the condition in which chest pain occurs if the heart receives insufficient oxygen and nutrients through the blood vessels. Angina could be caused by the different risk factors. These factors are as follows:
- Smoking.
- Age factor (More than 40 age).
- Hypertension.
- Obesity.
- Physical inactivity.
Posted by Neil Modi 5 years ago (10008913)
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Meghna Thapar 4 years, 11 months ago (6237)
The P wave indicates atrial depolarization. The P wave occurs when the sinus node, also known as the sinoatrial node, creates an action potential that depolarizes the atria. The P wave should be upright in lead II if the action potential is originating from the SA node. ECG – A Pictorial Primer. Atrial and ventricular depolarization and repolarization are represented on the ECG as a series of waves: the P wave followed by the QRS complex and the T wave. The first deflection is the P wave associated with right and left atrial depolarization. ... The second wave is the QRS complex.
Posted by Neil Modi 5 years ago (10008913)
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Yogita Ingle 5 years ago (2577571)
Heartbeat is triggered by electrical impulses which is induced by a specific pathway. The SA node known as sinoatrial node is the heart’s natural pacemaker. This impulse begins in this small bundle of specialized cells which is located in the right atrium. The electrical impulse spreads through the walls of the atria and it causes contraction. Contraction sends the blood into the ventricles.

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