The monomeric unit of orlon polymer is Acrylonitrile. Orlon is also known as Polyacrylonitrile (PAN).

Solubility is a physical property of a solution. It can be defined as the measure of maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a quantified amount of solvent.

This property of solution depends upon the factors like:

• The nature of soluteand solvent and the interaction between them :The stronger the attractions between solute and solvent molecules, the greater will be the solubility.

• Molecular size of solute :Larger molecules are more difficult to dissolve in solvents whereas the smaller molecules dissolve easily and are more soluble in solvents.

• Polarity :Polar solvents (having bonds with different electro negativities) like Water, ethanol, formaldehyde dissolve polar solutes whereas nonpolar solvents (having bonds with similar electro negativities) like pyridine, toluene, and hexane dissolve nonpolar solutes.

• Temperature : Rise in temperature increases the solubility.

• Pressure : Rise in pressure increases the solubility.

The philosophy of scientific management is based upon the following principles:

1. Science, not Rule of Thumb: This principle of scientific management discards the old approach of rule of thumb. According to Taylor, each job should be performed in an organisation as per the scientific approach, as there is always one best method to maximise efficiency.
   This method can be developed through study and analysis. It involves the following steps:
   (i) Investigation of traditional methods {it) Unifying the best practices.
   (ii) Developing a standard method.
   Selecting ‘one best method’ for activities can result in saving time, effort, money and resources.
2. Harmony, not Discord: According to this principle, Taylor emphasised that there should be complete harmony between the management and workers and there should be transformation in thinking of both parties, called mental revolution.
   It implies that management should share the gains with workers and workers should work hard for the betterment of the business.
   It also emphasises that prosperity of the employer cannot exist for long if it is not accompained by the prosperity of its employees, and vice versa, e.g. Japanese work culture, where the workers wear a black badge if they go on strikes and works more than normal working hours to gain the sympathy of the management.
3. Cooperation, not Individualism : This principle is an extension of principle of harmony, not discord. According to this principle, ‘Competition should be replaced by cooperation. Management and workers both should realise that they need each other’. For this, management should entertain and reward the constructive suggestions of employees and follow paternalistic style of management. At the same time, workers should also cooperate with management, desist from going on strikes and ‘ making unreasonable demands to the management. According to Taylor, there must be an equal division of work and responsibility between workers and management.
4. Development of Each and Every Person to his/her Greatest Efficiency : According to this principle, ‘Each person should be scientifically selected and then assigned work as per their specialisation and in any case, if training is required, then impart training to them as efficient employees would produce more, and earn more’. Worker training is essential to learn the ‘best method’ developed as per the scientific approach. This would ensure greatest efficiency for both, workers and the organisation.

Raoult’s law

• Raoult’s law establishes a quantitative relationship between the partial vapour pressure and mole fraction of a solution.
• This law is only for liquid-liquid solution.
• The law states that for a solution of volatile liquids, the partial vapour pressure (p) of each component in the solution is directly proportional to its mole fraction (x).
• Mathematically, p ∝ x

            Or p = p ⁰x 

Where p⁰ is the vapour pressure of pure component at the same temperature.

Based upon the above definitions, the following are the main characteristics of scientific management:

• (1) Systematic Approach:
• (2) Brings Complete Mental Change:
• (3) Discards Traditional Management:
• (4) Requires Strict Observance of Rules:
• (5) Improves the Efficiency of Workers:

(i) In the early 1920s the Communists took inspiration from the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia and advocated Socialism as the solution to problems affecting the country.

(ii) From 1935, the Communists worked mainly from within the fold of Congress.In December 1941, they left the Congress due to differences over Communist’s supporting the British in their war against Nazi Germany.

(iii) The Communist Party of lndia had a well-organised party machinery and dedicated cadre at the time of independence.

(iv) After independence the Communist Party thought that the transfer of power in 1947 was not true independence and  encouraged violent uprisings in Telangana. 

Process of Creation of Money:
The process of money creation by the commercial banks starts as soon as people deposit money in their respective bank accounts. After receiving the deposits, as per the central bank guidelines, the commercial banks maintain a portion of total deposits in form of cash reserves. The remaining portion left after maintaining cash reserves of the total deposits is then lend by the commercial bank to the general public in form of credit, loans and advances. Now assuming that all transactions in the economy are routed through the commercial banks, then the money borrowed by the borrowers again comes back to the banks in form of deposits. The commercial banks again keep a portion of the deposits as reserves and lend the rest. The deposit of money by the people in the banks and the subsequent lending of loans by the commercial banks is a never-ending process. It is due to this continuous process that the commercial banks are able to create credit money a multiple time of the initial deposits.
The process of creation of money is explained with the help of the following numerical example.

Suppose, initially the public deposited Rs 10,000 with the banks. Assuming the Legal Reserve Ratio to be 20%, the banks keep Rs 2,000 as minimum cash reserves and lend the balance amount of Rs 8,000 (Rs 10,000 – Rs 2,000) in form of loans and advances to the general public.
Now, if all the transactions taking place in the economy are routed only through banks then, the money borrowed by the borrowers is again routed back to the banks in form of deposits. Hence, in the second round there is an increment in the deposits with the banks by Rs 8,000 and the total deposits with the banks now rises to Rs 18,000 (that is, Rs 10,000 + Rs 8,000). Now, out of the new deposits of Rs 8,000, the banks will keep 20% as reserves (that is, Rs 1600) and lend the remaining amount (that is, Rs 6,400). Again, this money will come back to the bank and in the third round, the total deposits rises to Rs 24,400 (i.e. Rs 18,000 + Rs 6,400).
The same process continues and with each round the total deposits with the banks increases. However; in every subsequent round the cash reserves diminishes. The process comes to an end when the total cash reserves (aggregate of cash reserves from the subsequent rounds) become equal to the initial deposits of Rs 10,000 that were initially held by the banks. As per the above schedule, with the initial deposits of Rs 10,000, the commercial banks have created money of Rs 50,000.

 The principles of management provide the managers with useful insights into real life situations. The principles add manager’s knowledge, ability and understanding of managerial situations and circumstances which helps them to solve problems quickly and increase managerial efficiency.

® CENTO (Central Treaty Organization) was a military organization established in the Middle East countries.

® CENTO was established under the leadership and inspiration of England. Various Arab countries joined CENTO. Later, America took over its leadership.

Coulomb’s Law

Coulomb’s law states that Force exerted between two point charges:

• Is inversely proportional to square of the distance between these charges and
• Is directly proportional to product of magnitude of the two charges
• Acts along the line joining the two point charges.

Here ε₀ = 8.854 x 10^-12 C² N^-1 m^-2is called permittivityof free space.

Ethyl amine is C2H5NH2.
Here,the ethyl group has a strong +I effect.It increases the electron density over Nitrogen atom.As a result,the unshared electron pair becomes more easily available for sharing.
This leads to increase in basicity.
And ammonia has no such +I groups, which could increase the basicity.
So,it is less basic than ethyl amine.

Ethylamine is more basic than ammonia as in ethylamine the ethyl group is electron donating group which increases the electron density at amine group and hence it can easly donate electron and hence is more basic then ammonia which have less electron density then ethylamine 

In case of Not-for-profit organisation, Capital fund can be considered as excess of its assets over its liabilities. Any surplus or deficit ascertained from Income and Expenditure account is added to (deducted from ) the capital fund. This is termed as Accumulated Fund.
                      Calculation of Capital Fund