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Yogita Ingle 5 years, 6 months ago
Solutions can be broadly categorized into two types:
Homogeneous solutions: Solutions with uniform composition and properties throughout the solution are known as homogenous solution. E.g. solution of salt or sugar in water, cough syrup, cup of coffee, Mouthwash, perfume are homogeneous mixture of chemicals and dyes, etc.
Homogenous solution of salt dissolved in water (left), a cup of coffee (right)
Heterogeneous solutions: Solutions with non-uniform composition and properties throughout the solution are known as heterogeneous solution. E.g. solution of water and sand, solution of oil and water, water and chalk powder, etc.
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1) In gas masks:
Activated charcoal or a mixture of adsorbents is generally used in gas masks to adsorb poisonous and toxic gases from air.
These masks are commonly used by the miners because there are poisonous gases like CO, CH4 etc. in the atmosphere in the coal mines. Therefore, these masks help to purify the air for breathing.
2) In dyeing of cloth:
<center> </center>Mordants such as alums are used in dyeing of cloth.They adsorb the dye particles which, otherwise, do not stick to the cloth.
3) In Dehumidizers for control of humidity:
Silica and aluminium gels are commonly used to adsorb humidity or moisture from air.
4) Removal of colouring matter from solutions:
Many substances such sugar, juice and vegetable oils are coloured due to the presence of impurities.They can be decolourised by placing in contact with adsorbents like activated charcoal or fuller’s earth. This method is used in the manufacture of cane sugar.
5) Heterogeneous catalysis:
Adsorption of reactants on the solid surface of catalysts increases the rate of reaction. The metals such as Fe, Ni, Pt, Pd, etc, are used in the manufacturing process.
Manufacture of ammonia using iron as catalyst (Haber process), manufacture of sulphuric acid by contact process and use of finely divided nickel in the hydrogenation of oils are excellent examples of heterogeneous catalysis.
6) In ion-exchange resins:
The organic polymers containing groups like – COOH,- SO3H and- NH2, etc. possess the property of selective adsorption of ions from solutions. These are quite useful in the softening of water.
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Aneuploidy is the presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell. There is an extra chromosome present in this case.
Polyploidy is the presence of the extra set of the chromosome in the cells. There is a complete new set of the chromosome present. All the given conditions are the cases of aneuploidy. There are less or more number of chromosomes in the same set.
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| Gene is located on the chromosome. | Chromosomes are the packed structure of a DNA with proteins. |
| Genes are not visible under the microscope. | Chromosomes are visible under the microscope. |
| A single gene is a locus on a chromosome. | A single chromosome comprises of many genes. |
| Genes are composed of either DNA or RNA. | Chromosomes are composed of DNA, histones, and RNA. |
| Gene mutations are small. | Chromosomal mutations are relatively large. |
| Gene mutations lead to point mutations and frameshift mutations: insertions and deletions | Chromosomal mutations lead to chromosomal abnormalities such as deletion, duplication, rearrangement and inversion of genes. |
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Varsha Chauhan 5 years, 5 months ago
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