Phosphorus is a 15th group element and it forms the most stable pentavalent compound like P2​O5​. because available of d-electrons. Also, on moving down the group, the stability of the +5 oxidation state decreases. 

Thus, phosphorus form the most stable pentavalent compounds.

Oxidation States

• The number allotted to an element in a compound representing the number of electrons lost or gained by an atom of the element of the compound is called oxidation state.

For example, the electron configuration of copper is [Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s¹. It attains noble gas configuration by losing one electron. The energy required to lose one more electron is very less and hence copper loses 2 electrons and forms Cu²⁺ ion. Therefore copper exhibits +1 and +2 oxidation state. But +2 oxidation states are more common.

It forms compounds like CuCl₂ and also with oxygen like CuO. In both the cases the oxidation state of Cu is +2.

• Transition elements exhibit varying oxidation states due to the minor energy difference between ns and (n -1) d orbitals.
• Along with ns electrons, (n -1) d electrons takes part in bonding. But due to the availability of few electrons for bonding Scandium does not show variable oxidation states.
• Due to presence of more d electrons, zinc has less orbital available for bonding and hence does not exhibit varying oxidation state.
• Among d-block elements the elements belonging to 8^th group exhibit maximum oxidation state.
• Among the elements of 3d –series Manganese belonging to 7^th group exhibits maximum oxidation state.
• Among the elements of 4d-Series Ruthenium belonging to 8th group exhibits maximum oxidation state.
• Among the elements of 5d-Series Osmium belonging to 8th group exhibits maximum oxidation state.
• The oxidation number of a free element is always 0.
• Oxidation number of (group I) elements like Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs is +1.
• Oxidation number of (group II) elements like Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba is +2.
• Oxidation number of oxygen is -2.
• For example, oxidation state of Phosphorous in the compound HPO₃^2- can be calculated by the following method:

Oxidation state of H = +1

Oxidation state of O = -2

Oxidation state of O₃ = 3(-2)  [Since it has 3 atoms of oxygen.]

Overall oxidation state of the compound = -2

Let P represent the oxidation state of Phosphorous.

Therefore,

HPO₃^2- = +1+P+3(-2) = -2

• P = +3

• जैसा कि कंपनी को राजस्व में गिरावट के बारे में चिंता है, इसने 1793 में बंगाल के स्थायी निपटान की शुरुआत की। यह लॉर्ड कॉर्नवालिस द्वारा पेश किया गया था।
• इस बस्ती के अनुसार, रजस और तालुकदार भूमि के जमींदारों के रूप में पहचाने जाते थे। 
• कंपनी को भुगतान की जाने वाली राशि स्थायी रूप से तय की गई थी। कंपनी ने सोचा था कि यह उनके लिए राजस्व का एक स्थिर और नियमित प्रवाह सुनिश्चित करेगा और ज़मींदार को भूमि के सुधार में निवेश करने के लिए प्रोत्साहित करेगा।
• As the Company worried about declining revenues, it introduced the Permanent Settlement of Bengal in 1793. It was introduced by Lord Cornwallis.
• According to this settlement, the rajas and taluqdars were recognised as the zamindars of the land. They had to collect rent from the peasants and pay the revenues to the Company.
• The amount to be paid to the Company was fixed permanently. The Company thought that this would ensure a steady and regular flow of revenues to them and would encourage the zamindar to invest in the improvement of the land.

 Following is the step in process of Planning: 

Setting objectives: The first and foremost step is setting objectives. Objectives may be set for the entire organization and each department or unit within the organization. Objectives or goals specify what the organization wants to achieve. Objectives should be stated clearly. Management must contribute ideas and participate in the objective setting process. If the end result is clear it becomes easier to work towards the goal. 

B. Following is the last step to be performed by Quick Bizz as part of the process of Planning: 

Follow up action: To see whether plans are being implemented and activities are performed according to schedule is also part of the planning process. Monitoring the plans is equally important to ensure that objectives are achieved. 

Process of Translation

The protein synthesis occurs in two steps, namely transcription and translation. During transcription, the information from DNA is encoded into mRNA. During translation, the mRNA works with a ribosome and tRNA to synthesize proteins. 

Transcription takes place in the nucleus. During transcription, DNA partially unwinds by the enzyme helicase. This results in the single nucleotide chain to be copied. RNA polymerase reads the DNA strand from the 3' to 5' direction and synthesizes the complementary strand of messenger RNA in the 5' to 3' direction. The DNA strand which is transcribed is called as the template strand. The nucleotides on the RNA strand are complementary to the nucleotides on the DNA strand. DNA cytosine pairs with RNA guanine, DNA guanine pairs with RNA cytosine, DNA thymine pairs with RNA adenine and DNA adenine pairs with RNA uracil. After mRNA is synthesized, it is transported to the cytoplasm where it binds with ribosomes. Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis. Ribosomes have three important binding sites, one for mRNA and two (A site and P site) for tRNA. The start codon methionine occupies the P site and the second codon occupies the A site. The tRNA molecule whose anticodon is complementary to the mRNA forms a base pair with the mRNA in the A site. A peptide bond is formed between the amino acid attached to the tRNA in the A site and the methionine in the P site. The ribosome then slides down the mRNA in such a way that the tRNA in the A site moves to the P site and a new codon occupies the A site. This process continues until one of the three stop codons occupies the A site. At that point, the protein chain connected to the tRNA in the P site is released and the translation is complete.

Transcription

Transcription is the process of synthesis of RNA from DNA template. A segment of DNA gets copied into mRNA during the process. The process of transcription starts at the promoter region of the template DNA and terminates at the terminator region. The segment of DNA between these two regions is known as transcription unit. The transcription requires RNA polymerase enzyme, a DNA template, four types of ribonucleotides, and certain cofactors such as Mg2+.

The three important events that occur during the process of transcription are as follows.

(i) Initiation

(ii) Elongation

(iii) Termination

The DNA-dependent RNA polymerase and certain initiation factors (σ) bind at the double stranded DNA at the promoter region of the template strand and initiate the process of transcription. RNA polymerase moves along the DNA and leads to the unwinding of DNA duplex into two separate strands. Then, one of the strands, called sense strand, acts as template for mRNA synthesis. The enzyme, RNA polymerase, utilizes nucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) as raw material and polymerizes them to form mRNA according to the complementary bases present on the template DNA. This process of opening of helix and elongation of polynucleotide chain continues until the enzyme reaches the terminator region. As RNA polymerase reaches the terminator region, the newly synthesized mRNA transcripted along with enzyme is released. Another factor called terminator factor (ρ) is required for the termination of the transcription.

promoters starts the business. The shares held by them can be recorded as

Promotion Expenses A/c

   To Share Capital A/c

After his experience at the YMCA there was a haunting fear in Douglas' heart. The experience of fear and death and its conquest made him live intensely. Conquering fear made him realise the true value of life and helped him enjoy every moment

It was the Swatantra Party of the veteran freedom fighter Rajaji. The party won 44 seats. The Communist Parties came a close second with a combined tally of 42 seats (CPI 23 + CPM 19) Bharatiya Jan Sangh, which was the precursor of the present BJP won 35 seats. The surprise packet was DMK from the then Madras state, which won 25 seats.

The author visited the ashram of Gandhi in Sevagram in 1942. The latter explained to him that in 1917 it came to his mind to urge the departure of the Britishers. In December 1916, Gandhi had gone to attend the annual convention of the Indian National Congress in Lucknow. There came Raj Kumar Shukla, a poor share-cropper from Champaran to complain Gandhi about the injustice of the landlords in Bihar. At his vehement insistence, Gandhi went there and saw the poor peasants in pitiable and terrified conditions. This episode made home in Gandhi and he decided that the British must quit India.

Functional Structure

As the name suggests, in a functional structure grouping is based on functions. This means that similar jobs are integrated into functions and major functions are further categorised as departments which are handled by respective coordinating heads. These departments can further consist of sections

Advantages

• Since functional structure revolves around functions, the division is such that an employee performs a specific set of tasks as a part of his routine. Effectively, this creates room for job specialisation and efficient use of manpower.
• Again, as similar tasks are grouped together into a function and emphasis is laid on specific functions, this structure facilitates coordination and control.
• In a functional structure, we keep similar tasks together and different tasks away. This implies that there is no scope for duplication. Effectively, this lowers cost.
• As the focus is mostly on a specific and limited range of skills, training of employees becomes easier.
• This also leads to an increase in managerial efficient which in turn increases profit margins.
• Lastly, it ensures that all the diverse tasks get a fair amount of attention.

Disadvantages

• A major drawback of the functional structure lies in its definition itself. As stated already, it puts emphasis on division based on functions of an enterprise. Now as it stresses on the diverse functions, it generally leads to an increased concern on interests of departmental interests rather than the interests of the organisation as a whole. Technically, this can lead to the emergence of functional empires and even dwindling levels of concern for organisational objectives.
• Again, as the departments are completely different in operations from each other, there is a big barrier to communication between them.
• There may arise a conflict of interests among these departments which are profusely looking to fulfil the individual departmental interests. Such conflicts can hinder the growth of an enterprise. Further, such conflicts can further arise in the absence of clear separation of responsibility.
• When individuals always deal with specific tasks their perception narrows down and they don’t appreciate the varying point of views.  Consequently, they remain fixated on specific ideas and fail to develop as individuals. All in all, this leads to inflexibility.

Given that,

Time = 25 min

Percentage = 25 %

A first order reaction takes 25 minutes for 25% decomposition

We need to calculate the value of k

Using formula of k

Put the value into the formula

When 75% of the reaction will be completed.

We need to calculate the value of 

Using formula for 

Put the value into the formula

Hence, The time is 120.5 min.

To get the required number of tigers to kill, the Maharaja asked his dewan to find a suitable girl for him to marry. A suitable girl for matrimonial alliance would be one who would not only come from a royal family but also belong to a state with a large tiger population. As Pratibandapuram had no more tigers left, a province that belonged to his father-in-law would certainly provide him with an opportunity to kill more tigers and reach his aim of killing one hundred tigers.

Amniocentesis is a foetal *** determination test based on the chromosomal pattern in the amniotic fluid surrounding the developing embryo. Amniocentesis is used for *** determination which most people get done to kill the female foetus. Therefore, it has been banned.