: The Emergency adversely affected the functioning of mass media as mentioned below:

(i) After midnight of 25 June 1975, the electricity to all the major newspaper offices was disconnected.

(ii) Freedom of press was suspended and press censorship was introduced.

(iii) Newspapers like the Indian Express and the Statesman protested against censorship by leaving blank spaces where news items had been censored.

(iv) Magazines like the Seminar and the Main Stream chose to close down rather than submit to censorship.

(v) Many journalists were arrested for writing against the Emergency.

(vi) Many underground newsletters and leaflets were published to bypass censorship.

The main bonding in DNA which renders the double helix structure so stable is that of hydrogen bonds. Between the complementary base pairs, hydrogen bonds connect the two strands of the helix. There are 3 H bonds between Guanine and Cytosine and 2 between Adenine and Thymine. Due to its deoxyribose sugar, which contains one less oxygen-containing hydroxyl group, DNA is a more stable molecule than RNA, which is useful for a molecule which has the task of keeping genetic information safe. RNA, containing a ribose sugar, is more reactive than DNA and is not stable in alkaline conditions.

Water hyacinth has single spike of 8-15 conspicuous attractive flowers which attract bees and other insects. These insects pollinate them. This plant is an aquatic weed. 

Water lily is also an aquatic plant with large conspicuous coloured flowers. Most of the species are bee pollinated except few species where wind pollination occurs. Insect pollinated flowers have coloured petals, big size and they offer fragrance and nectar to attract insects which bring about pollination in them.

a. To keep control over all activities which suggests that planning & control are connected with each other.

b. it also helps in keeping a good control in organizing a tournament.

c. b. Reduce the chances of mistake

d. It suggests programmes can be conducted with proper coordination with least mistakes rather focusing on success.

e. To promote innovative ideas.

f. To provide direction towards the goal

g. To reduce undue pressure

h.To provide proper co-ordination among the committees.

i.To have good control over all the activities.j.To improve efficiency.

k.To reduce the chances of mistakes.

Causes of Dengue fever

This Infectious Disease is mainly caused by the female Aedes mosquitoes. These mosquitoes carry the dengue virus and infect a healthy person with dengue fever.

Symptoms for dengue fever include:

• Fatigue.
• Vomiting.
• Tiredness.
• Headache.
• Skin Rash
• High Fever.
• Low blood pressure.
• Pain behind the eyes.

The Ain-i-Akbari  or the "Administration of Akbar", is a 16th-century detailed document recording the administration of the Mughal Empire under Emperor Akbar, written by his court historian, Abu'l Fazl in the Persian language.

According to the valence bond theory, Electrons in a molecule occupy atomic orbitals rather than molecular orbitals. The atomic orbitals overlap on the bond formation and the larger the overlap the stronger the bond.

Applications of Valence Bond Theory

• The maximum overlap condition which is described by the valence bond theory can explain the formation of covalent bonds in several molecules.
• This is one of its most important applications. For example, the difference in the length and strength of the chemical bonds in H₂ and F₂ molecules can be explained by the difference in the overlapping orbitals in these molecules.
• The covalent bond in an HF molecule is formed from the overlap of the 1s orbital of the hydrogen atom and a 2p orbital belonging to the fluorine atom, which is explained by the valence bond theory.

Limitations of Valence Bond Theory

The shortcomings of the valence bond theory include

• Failure to explain the tetravalency exhibited by carbon
• No insight offered on the energies of the electrons.
• The theory assumes that electrons are localized in specific areas.
• It does not give a quantitative interpretation of the thermodynamic or kinetic stabilities of coordination compounds.
• No distinction between weak and strong ligands.
• No explanation for the colour exhibited by coordination compounds.

(a) Mahatma Gandhi felt that Hindustani was a language that the common people could easily understand

(b) Hindustani which was a blend of Hindi and Urdu was popular among a large section of the people. Moveover it was a composite language enriched by the interaction of diverse cultures.

(c) Over the years words and terms from many different sources had been incorporated into this language making it easily understood by people from various regions.

(d) According to Mahatma Gandhi Hindustani would be the ideal language of communication between dieverse communities. It would help to unify Hindus and Muslims and the people from the north and south.

There are four main factors that can affect the reaction rate of a chemical reaction:

1. Reactant concentration. Increasing the concentration of one or more reactants will often increase the rate of reaction. This occurs because a higher concentration of a reactant will lead to more collisions of that reactant in a specific time period.

2. Physical state of the reactants and surface area. If reactant molecules exist in different phases, as in a heterogeneous mixture, the rate of reaction will be limited by the surface area of the phases that are in contact. For example, if a solid metal reactant and gas reactant are mixed, only the molecules present on the surface of the metal are able to collide with the gas molecules. Therefore, increasing the surface area of the metal by pounding it flat or cutting it into many pieces will increase its reaction rate.

3. Temperature. An increase in temperature typically increases the rate of reaction. An increase in temperature will raise the average kinetic energy of the reactant molecules. Therefore, a greater proportion of molecules will have the minimum energy necessary for an effective collision .

t's called Wurtz response on the off chance that you wanna gaze upward or something

Methyl bromide experiences Wurtz response to give ethane,

(C₂H₆). 2CH₃Br + 2Na = C₂H₆ + 2NaBr.

This is the Wurtz response, it frames ethane.

Dynamic metals and natural halides are a hazardous blend.

At the point when methyl bromide is treated with sodium within the sight of dry ether, ethane is framed.

This response is known as the Wurtz response.

Spherical Wavefront

• When the source of light is a point source the wavefront formed will be spherical wavefront.
• Point source means the source of light is so small that it is considered as point. It can be considered as dimensionless.
• For example: - Ripples in water are in the form of concentric circles which are spherical wavefronts.