India‘s policy of non-alignment:

 (i) Not to join either of the two camps- the US and the USSR.

 (ii) Taking independent stand on various international issues. 

Factors affecting motor development

1. Nutrition: – Nutritious food promotes good motor development. Sensory motor development is dependent upon nutrition that the child gets to a great extent. Children get stronger and development is good if they get nutritious food.

2. Immunization: – If mother and child both are immunized at a proper time it leads to good sensory motor development.

3. Environment: – Encouragement, love and security help the child to take risk to explore fearlessly and to know more about environment which leads to a better sensory development.

Kirchhoff’s First Law or Junction Rule The algebraic sum of electric currents at any junction of electric circuit is equal to zero i.e. the sum of current entering into a junction is equal to the sum of current leaving the junction i.e.

Junction law supports law of conservation of charge because this is a point in a circuit which cannot act as a source or sink of charge(s).
Kirchhoff’s Second Law or Voltage Rule In any closed mesh of electrical circuit, the algebraic sum of emf’s of cell and the product of currents and resistance is always equal to zero i.e.

Kirchhoff’s second law supports the law of conservation of energy. Because the net change in the energy of a charge, after the charge complete a closed path must be zero

Saheb was a poor rag picker of Seemapuri who had migrated from Dhaka as storms swept away their home and fields. His complete name was "Saheb-e-Alam" meaning the lord of the universe. He used to do rag picking to earn his living. Later in the story he got employed at a tea stall to earn money.

sp² hybridization is observed when one s and two p orbitals of the same shell of an atom mix to form 3 equivalent orbital. The new orbitals formed are called sp² hybrid orbitals. 

Examples of sp² Hybridization

• All the compounds of Boron i.e. BF₃, BH₃
• All the compounds of carbon containing a carbon-carbon double bond, Ethylene (C₂H₄)

sp³ Hybridization

When one ‘s’ orbital and 3 ‘p’ orbitals belonging to the same shell of an atom mix together to form four new equivalent orbital, the type of hybridization is called a tetrahedral hybridization or sp³. The new orbitals formed are called sp³ hybrid orbitals.

Example of sp³ hybridization: ethane (C₂H₆), methane

Various sources of irrigation in India are canals, tanks , tube wells and other wells, with tube wells and canals together accounting for about 70 % of total irrigation. across the land by simple gravity flow in order to wet it and to infiltrate into the soil. Irrigation in India includes a network of major and minor canals from Indian rivers, groundwater well based systems, tanks, and other rainwater harvesting projects for agricultural activities. Of these groundwater system is the largest.

In 2013-14, only about 36.7% of total agricultural land in India was reliably irrigated, and remaining 2/3rd cultivated land in India is dependent on monsoons. 65% of the irrigation in India is from groundwater.[4]Currently about 51% of the agricultural area cultivating food grains is covered by irrigation . The rest of the area is dependent on rainfall which is most of the times unreliable and unpredictable.

जहांगीर को न्याय की जंजीर के लिए भी याद किया जाता है. ये जंजीर शाहजहां ने सोने की बनवाई थी. जो आगरे के किले शाहबुर्ज और यमुना तट पर स्थित पत्थर के खंबे में लगवाई हुई थी.

ऐसा इसलिए कहा होगा क्योंकि यह जग स्वार्थी है। जहाँ पर उसे कुछ मिलता है वह वहीं जम जाता है। दाना का अर्थ चतुर, बुद्धिमान भी है। इस दृष्टि से इस पंक्ति का अर्थ हुआ कि जहाँ पर कुछ बुद्धिमान एवं चतुर लोग रहते हैं। वहीं इस संसार में कुछ नादान (मूर्ख) भी मिलते हैं। इस संसार में सभी प्रकार के व्यक्ति मिलते हैं। इस संसार में सभी प्रकार के व्यक्ति मिलते हैं। इस संसार में भाँति-भाँति के प्राणी रहते हैं। ये अच्छे भी है तो बुरे भी। विरोधी होते हुए भी इनका आपस में संबंध है।

Executor's account is prepared in case of death of a partner.The closing balance of deceased (dead) partner's capital account is credited to his executors account. It is basically prepared to tranfer the closing balance of deceased partner.(just as we prepare retiring partner's loan account in case of retirement)

Following is the impact of land reforms on Indian agriculture after independence:

(i) Abolition of Zamindari System: The legislation regarding the abolition of Zamindari System was probably the most effective. It succeeded in taking away the superior rights of Zamindars over the land and weakening their economic and political power.

(ii) Tenancy Abolition & Regulation Acts: These laws attempted either to outlaw tenancy altogether or to regulate rents to give some security to the tenants.

(iii) Land Ceiling Acts: These laws imposed an upper limit on the amount of land that can be owned by a particular family. The state is supposed to identify and take possession of surplus land and the excess collected was redistributed for agricultural purpose to the landless.

(iv) Led to Benami transfers: In most cases landowners managed to divide the land among relatives and others including servants, in so-called 'benami transfers' which allowed them to keep control over it.

A commune is an intentional community of people sharing living spaces, interests, values, beliefs, and often property, possessions, and resources in common. In some communes, the people also share common work, income or assets.

Character of M. Hamel

M. Hamel was a true French man. Teaching at Alsace for forty years, he had become a part of its people. He was an honest teacher. He did not blame his students alone for poor learning. He also held himself responsible for the same. He was very patriotic as he appealed to his countrymen to hold fast to their mother tongue to be free from the Prussians. According to him the French language was the most beautiful, the clearest and the most logical language in the world. He appealed to his countrymen to guard it and never forget it. He was emotionally attached to the school and all his students. However, he was very brave and strong. He was really sorry for not making sincere efforts to teach French to his countrymen. At the end, he became so emotional that he could not speak.

All three countries, India, Pakistan and China began towards their economic development at the same time. In addition, India and Pakistan attained independence in the year 1947. However, China was an independent economy in the year 1949.
India and Pakistan began with similar strategies for creating larger public sector units. And soon began working on raising public expenditure on social development.
All the countries began planning their development strategies in a very similar fashion. India made an announcement of its first 5-year plan in the year 1951. However, Pakistan made its 5-year plan announcement in the year 1956. China, on the other hand, had made this announcement in the year 1953.
Up until the 1980s, all 3 countries had very similar growth rates and per capita incomes.
Economic reforms took place in all the 3 countries – India, China and Pakistan.The reasons of low growth rates are reform processes and political instability. The total cultivatable area in China accounts for 40 percent of the cultivatable area in India. China's development strategy is its Great Leap Forward (GLF) which aimed at the high-scale industrialization of the economy.

Source World Development Indicators www.worldbank.org It can be seen from the table that (i) China has the highest population size closely followed by India. The population of Pakistan is very small and accounts for roughly about one-tenth of China or India. (ii) The density of population is lowest in China and highest in India. (iii) Population has been highest in Pakistan, followed by India and China. One child norm in China has lowered the growth rate of population in the country. (iv) The *** ratio is low and biased against females in all the three countries. (v) Fertility rate is lowest in China and highest in Pakistan. (vi) China has the highest degree of urbanisation followed by Pakistan while India is still having a large majority of rural population. 

Various factors that led to the rapid growth in economic development in China are as given below
(i) China initiated to implimented the economic reforms in 1978 without any compulsion by the World Bank and IMF.
(ii) China established infrastructure in the field of health and education that helped effectively in , improving the social and income indicators.
(iii) China implemented land reforms that increased the productivity.
(iv) There was long existence of decentralised planning.
(v) The size of individual enterprises was kept small.
All the factors mentioned above helped positively towards economic development.

The centerpiece of India's development strategy was modernization through industrialization. Public sector enterprises were created to take leading roles in all industries and sectors viewed as central to the industrialization program, including steel, chemicals, and engineering, as well as trade and finance.

• Economic Survey 2019: 7% GDP growth & USD 5 Trillion economy. 
• Union Budget 2019: Detailed Analysis & Major Highlights. 
• Corporate Tax Rate Cut to 22%: One of the lowest rates among other Countries. 
• Merger of 10 Banks: All you need to know. 
• Merger of PSU Insurance Companies: National Insurance, Oriental India & United India.