Aim
To compare the EMF of two given primary cells using potentiometer.

Apparatus
Potentiometer, a Leclanche cell, a Daniel cell, an ammeter, a voltmeter, a galvanometer, a battery (or battery eliminator), a rheostat of low resistance, a resistance box, a one way key, a two way key, a jockey, a set square, connecting wires and a piece of sand paper.

Theory

where, E₁ and E₂ are the e.m.f. of two given cells and l₁ and l₂  are the corresponding balancing lengths on potentiometer wire.

Circuit diagram

Procedure

1. Arrange the apparatus as shown in circuit diagram figure.
2. Remove the insulation from the ends of the connecting copper wires with a sand paper.
3. Measure the e.m.f. (E) of the battery and the e.m.fs. (E₁ and E₂ ) of the cells. See that E > E₁  and also E > E₂ .
4. Connect the positive pole of the battery (a battery of constant e.m.f.) to the zero end (P) of the potentiometer and the negative pole through a one-way key, an ammeter and a low resistance rheostat to the other end (Q) of the potentiometer.
5. Connect the positive poles of the cells E₁ and E₂  to the terminal at the zero end (P) and the negative poles to the terminals a and b of the two way key.
6. Connect the common terminal c of the two-way key through a galvanometer (G) and a resistance box (R.B.) to the jockey J.
7. Take maximum current from the battery making rheostat resistance zero.
8. Insert the plug in the one-way key (K) in circuit and also in between the terminals a and c of the two-way key.
9. Take out a 2,000 ohms plug from the resistance box (R.B.).
10. Press the jockey at the zero end and note the direction of deflection in the galvanometer.
11. Press the jockey at the other end of the potentiometer wire. If the direction of deflection is opposite to that in the first case, the connections are correct. (If the deflection is in the same direction then either connections are wrong or e.m.f. of the auxiliary battery is less).
12.  Slide the jockey gently over the potentiometer wires till you obtain a point where galvanometer shows no deflection.
13. Put the 2000 ohms plug back in the resistance box and obtain the null point position accurately, using a set square.
14. Note the length l₁ of the wire for the cell E₁ Also note the current as indicated by the ammeter.
15. Disconnect the cell E₁  by removing the plug from gap ac of two-way key and connect the cell E₂  by inserting plug into gap be of two-way key.
16. Take out a 2000 ohms plug from resistance box R.B. and slide the jockey along potentiometer wire so as to obtain no deflection position.
17. Put the 2000 ohms plug back in the resistance box and obtain accurate position of null point for second cell E₂ .
18. Note the length l₂  of wire in this position for the cell E₂ . However, make sure that ammeter reading is same as in step 14.
19. Repeat the observations alternately for each cell again for the same value of current.
20. Increase the current by adjusting the rheostat and obtain at least three sets of observations in a similar way.
21. Record your observations as given below

Observations

Calculations

1. For each observation find mean l₁ and mean l₂  and record in column 3c and 4c.
2. Find E₁/E₂ for each set, by dividing mean l₁  (column 3c) by mean l₂  (column 4c).
3. Find mean E₁/E₂ .  

Result

Precautions

1. The connections should be neat, clean and tight.
2. The plugs should be introduced in the keys only when the observations are to be taken.
3. The positive poles of the battery E and cells E₁ and E₂  should, all be connected to the terminal at the zero of the wires.
4. The jockey key should not be rubbed along the wire. It should touch the wire gently.
5. The ammeter reading should remain constant for a particular set of observation. If necessary, adjust the rheostat for this purpose.
6. The e.m.f. of the battery should be greater than the e.m.f.’s of the either of the two
   cells.
7. Some high resistance plug should always be taken out from resistance box before the jockey is moved along the wire.

Sources of error

1. Same as in previous experiments.
2. The auxiliary battery may not be fully charged.
3. The potentiometer wire may not be of uniform cross-section and material density throughout its length.
4. End resistances may not be zero.

“Planning is the process of making a sequence of work for a future line of action”

The success of Physical education programs depends upon efficient staffing, food, direction, proper control, well super vision, good co-ordination and minimize the chances of lapses.

Objectives of planning:

a. To keep control over all activities which suggests that planning & control are connected with each other.

b. it also helps in keeping a good control in organizing a tournament.

c. b. Reduce the chances of mistake

d. It suggests programmes can be conducted with proper coordination with least mistakes rather focusing on success.

e. To promote innovative ideas.

f. To provide direction towards the goal

g. To reduce undue pressure

h.To provide proper co-ordination among the committees.

i.To have good control over all the activities.j.To improve efficiency.

k.To reduce the chances of mistakes.

l.To increase the creativity.

m.To enhance the sports performance.

n.To protect existing facilities.

o.Provide new facilities to meet demand.

p.Helps in decision making.

1. Structural Unemployment: This unemployment arises when there is a mismatch between the worker’s skills and availability of jobs in the market. Many people in India do not get job matching to their skills or due to lack of required skills they do not get jobs and because of poor education level, it becomes important to provide them related training. 
2. Cyclical Unemployment: unemployment caused due to the business cycle, where the number of unemployed heads rises during recessions and declines with the growth of the economy. Cyclical unemployment figures in India are negligible. 

Parents should choose the career of a child.

- Desire of parents – Every child should be more grateful to his parents in this world. Parents are the ones who suffer a lot of difficulties and bring up their kids so that they can live a healthy and happier life. It is the desire of every parents to see their children well settled in their life and thus, they have the right to choose a better career for their kids.

- Reduces the pressure on children – Thinking of making a suitable career takes on a serious note mostly during the exam times. Children should leave the choice of their career on their parents and must focus on the on-going exams. They should not be under pressure in any ways.

- Maturity – Children may sometimes land up in taking wrong decisions about their career. Even if parents do not make their career choice, they can at least guide their kids to take a good decision. Parents are the burning candle in the life of a student.

- Support – Parents provide an immense support to their kids by guiding and choosing them a right career path. No parents would like to spoil their child's future by taking a wrong decision.

- Experience – We should always remember that parents are much more experienced than the children. They have seen the world better than their kids and thus, their decision would be better and correct.

Children should choose their own career

- Right to choose – Every child has the right to choose their own career and they have the right to live their dreams.

- Knows himself better – A child can only know his interests and abilities better than anyone else. He knows his subjects and areas of interest and thus, can decide his career path easily.

- Interesting – If children choose a career according to the wishes of their parents, they will have a boring academic life as they would face a lack of interest. College life is the best phase of a student's life. To enjoy this phase and make it more interesting, a child should choose his/her own career path.

- Facing pressure – If you follow a career path chosen by your parents and which is not of your interest, you will have to face a lot of challenges and pressure. To avoid such situations, choose a career which interests you the most.

Conclusion

Parents like their kids, might also have had some dream in their teen age. Most of the parents fail to achieve their dreams due to family or financial issues. In such cases, parents force their kids to adopt their dreams. They try to see themselves in their kids.

Admission time is near the corner and it is a crucial period in the life of most of the students. It is always better that parents and children should should decide together on the career they would pursue. The children can get the information about the latest trends while the parents can get their practial experience to the table to make a decision.

The following art terminologies for all the four subjects are prescribed only for reference and general enrichment. 1 Six limbs of Indian Painting Sadangas 2 Fundamentals of Visual Arts Elements Point, line, colour, tone, texture and space. Principles Unity, harmony, balance, rhythm, emphasis and proportion, 3 Drawing & Painting and materials Abstraction and stylization, Foreshortening, perspective, eye level, fixed point of view, Vanishing point, ratio-proportion, sketching, drawing light and shade, still- life, land-scape, anatomy, vertical, horizontal, two and three dimensional, transparent and opaque Paper (Cartridge, handmade canvas and Hard- board Handmade, ect.), Pencil, water colour, acrylic colour, transparent 4 Media of Composition Collage, Mosaic, Painting, Mural, Fresco, Batik Tie and Dye. 5 Sculpture Relief and round sculpture, modeling with clay, terra-cotta, carving in wood, stone, bronze casting, plaster of Paris and metal welding. 6 Graphics Linocut, relief printing, etching, Lithography, silk screen printing,. 7 Applied Art – Commercial Art Book cover design and illustration, cartoon, poster, Advertisements, newspaper and magazine, animation and printing processes, photography, computer-graphic, h

Cope paste the given link for pdf:

http://www.cbseacademic.nic.in/web_material/CurriculumMain21/SrSecondary/Fine_Arts_Sr.Sec_2020-21.pdf

Rainbow

• Rainbow is a phenomenon due to combined effect of dispersion, refraction and reflection of sunlight by spherical water droplets of water.
• Rainbow appears when the sun is shining in on one part of the sky (say near western horizon) while it is raining in the opposite part of the sky (say eastern horizon).
• Sunlight is first refracted as it enters a raindrop, which causes the different wavelengths (colours) of white light to separate.
• Longer wavelength of light (red) are bent the least while the shorter wavelength (violet) are bent the most.
• The rays strike the inner surface of the water drop and get internally reflected if the angle between the refracted ray and normal to the drop surface is greater than the critical angle (48º, in this case).
• The reflected light is refracted again as it comes out of the drop as shown in the figure.

National Income = C + G + I + X + F – D

Where,

C denotes the Consumption

G denotes the Government expenditure

I denotes the Investments

X denotes the Net Exports (Exports minus Imports)

F denotes the National Resident’s Foreign Production

D denotes the Non-National Resident’s Domestic Production

Planning Commission was set up in March 1950 by a simple resolution of the Government of India.

It has an advisory role and its recommendations become effective only when these are approved by the Union Cabinet.

An economic plan allocates the resources of a nation to fulfil the general and specific goals as planned by the government for a specified period. In India, these plans are made for five years and hence are known as five year plans. These five year plans are ultimately a short-term plan for a perspective plan. A perspective plan outlines the long-term goals of a nation, spanning twenty years.

In India, after the independence, the government set up a Planning Commision in 1950. This commission would be responsible for framing and implementing the five year plans of the country. They began their efforts with the first five year plan in 1950.

The Goals of the Five Year Plans

Every five year plan is developed with a specific goal in mind. But there is never one solitary objective of the plan. The plan is supposed to work towards the perspective plan and must cover a few important objectives. However, it is not possible or practical to give equal importance to all aspects of a plan.

There are basically five generalized goals of a five year plan, wherein a particular plan one or two are given the most importance. In fact, some of the goals are actually conflicting. So let us now look at these five types of goals we cover in the five year plans.

There are two types of sources of Mauryan History. One is Literary and the other is Archaeological. The literary sources include Kautilya’s Arthasastra, Visakha Datta’s Mudra Rakshasa , Megasthenese’s Indica, Buddhist literature and Puranas. The archaeological sources include Ashokan Edicts and inscriptions and material remains such as silver and copper punch-marked coins.

1. Literary Sources

a) Kuatilya’s Arthasastra

It is a book written by Kautilya (other name of Chanakya) on polity and governance. It reveals the economic and political conditions of the Mauryan period. Kautilya was the Prime Minister of Chandragupta Maurya, founder of Mauryan dynasty.

b) Mudra Rakshasa

The book was written by Visakha Datta in Gupta period. The book gives an account of how Chandragupta Maurya defeated Nandas with help from Chanakya besides throwing light on socio-economic conditions.

c) Indica

Indica was authored by Megasthenese who was the ambassador of Selecus Nikator in Cahndraqgupta Maurya’s court. It depicts administration in Mauryan Empire, 7-caste system and absence of slavery in India. Although it is lost in its original form, it has survived in the form of quotations in the text of classical Greek writers such as Plutarch, Strabo and Arrian.

) Buddhist Literature

Buddhist texts such as Jatakas reveal socio-economic conditions of Mauryan period while Buddhist chronicles Mahavamsa and Dipavamsa throws light on the role of Ashoka in spreading Buddhism to Sri Lanka. Divyavadam, the Tibetan Buddhist text informs us about Ashoka’s efforts in spreading Buddhism.

e) Puranas

Puranas reveals us the lists of Mauryan kings and the chronology.

Archaeological Sources

Ashokan Edicts

Ashokan Edicts in the form of Rock Edicts, Pillar Edicts and Cave Inscriptions are found at different places in Indian Sub-continent. These edicts were deciphered by James Princep in 1837 AD.  The majority of the edicts are mainly Ashoka’s proclamations to the public while few of them describes Ashoka’s acceptance of Buddhism.

Material Remains

Material remains such as NBPW (Northern Black Polished Ware), silver and copper punch-marked coins throws light on Maurya period

Aniline is an aromatic amine and it has a benzene ring which is electron withdrawing in nature. Because of this, the lone pair of electrons on nitrogen is not readily available for donation, as it is involved in the resonance. whereas methylamine is an aliphatic amine and the methyl group is electron donating in nature so the lone pair of nitrogen in methylamine is easily available for donation because  there is no resonance in methyl amine.Thus methyl amine is more basic than aniline.

The expression ‘Aaya Ram, Gaya Ram’ became popular in the political vocabulary in India to describe the practice of frequent floor-crossing by legislators. The phrase became the subject of numerous jokes and cartoons. Ultimately, the Constitution was amended to prevent defections.

Impact on the Indian political system are as follows :

• It leads to instability within a political party.
• It promotes political opportunism in political system.
• It erodes the faith, and trust of common in political system.
• It causes instable government.

Biogas can be transferred to the kitchen with the help of a digester through a tube. Biogas, when compared to other fuels, produces less pollution while cooking (with an exception of electric current). Furthermore, the byproducts of biogas can be used as fertilizer. Biogas also helps in producing indoor light.

1. The Congress party succeeded in maintaining its dominance until 1967 due to the following reasons:
   1. The Congress party was supported by elites, educated business classes and middle classes people. It also got support from peasants because of its socialist nature. In this way had support from every section of society.
   2. It had many popular faces like Jawaharlal Nehru, C Rajgopalachari, Vallabhbhai Patel etc. Moreover, Jawaharlal Nehru was charismatic and a very popular leader. The popularity of these Congress leaders had a great impact over the face of Congress in General Elections.
   3. Congress worked at the upper level as well as at the grass root level. Congress was popularised due to the participation in the civil disobedience movement. Its role in the National Movement for freedom had been a major reason for its success in First three General Elections.
   4. During the period of Nehru Ji, Congress attained mass popularity, but the powerful narrow elite of Congress continued to benefit from the low level of political consciousness of the electorate.
   5. The traditional localities made Congress, a one-party dominance.