A. 

- A pair of equal and opposite charges seperated by a small vector distance is called an electric dipole. - An ideal dipole consists of two very very large charges + q and -q seperated by a very very small distance.

- An ideal dipole has almost no size.

- Molecules are made up of positive and negative charges seperated by small distances like water, ammonia etc and they act as electric dipoles. - Molecules which have non uniform distribution of charge are known as polar.Polar molecules will always be slightly negative on one end and slightly positive on the other Polar molecules are said to be permanent dipoles.

Eg: water, carbon dioxide.

As per the Gauss theorem, the total charge enclosed in a closed surface is proportional to the total flux enclosed by the surface. Therefore, If ϕ is total flux and ϵ0 is electric constant, the total electric charge Q enclosed by the surface is; Q = ϕ ϵ0.

 Sustainability means continuity in the availability of opportunities. To have sustainable human development, each generation must have the same opportunities. All environmental, financial and human resources must be used keeping in mind the future. Misuse of any of these resources will lead to fewer opportunities for future generations. In other words sustainable human development refers to developing the current generation using all the available resourses efficiently so that there is no shortage of resourses for the future generation.

The title of the chapter 'Lost Spring' is a metaphor used for loss of childhood of millions of child-laborers in India. Spring is symbolic of joy, happiness, beauty, and hope. Childhood can be called the spring of a man's life. However, children like Saheb-e-alam and Mukesh have no spring in their life because of the poverty they have been born into. Since they don't enjoy the privileges of childhood that the children of affluent families enjoy, the poet considers these children whose spring (childhood) has been lost. Hence, the title 'Lost Spring' is justified.

• The entire world is animated – even stones, rocks and water have life.
• They believe in non-injury to living beings, especially to humans, animals, plants and insects.
• The cycle of birth and rebirth is shaped through karma.
• Asceticism and penance are required to free oneself from the cycle of karma.
• For Jainism monastic existence is a necessary condition of salvation.
• Jaina monks and nuns take five vows : to abstain from killing, stealing and lying; to observe celibacy, and to abstain from possessing property.

The teachings of Buddha are as follows:

• The world is transient (anicca) and constantly changing. It is also soulless as there is nothing permanent or eternal in it.
• Within this transient world, sorrow (dukkha) is intrinsic to human existence.
• By following the path of moderation between severe penance and self-indulgence, human beings can use above these worldly pleasures.
• He advised kings and gahapatis to be humane and ethical. Buddha regarded the social world as the creation of humans rather than of divine origin.
• He emphasised individual agency and righteous action as the means to escape from the cycle of rebirth and attain self-realisation and nibbana (literally means the extinguishing of ego and desire).
  This ends the cycle of suffering for those who renounced the world.
• The words to his followers were “Be lamps into yourselves as all of you must work out your own liberation.”

Differences between Buddhism and Jainism

Similarities between Buddhism and Jainism

wandering storytellers carrying scrolls (charanachitras) of cloth or paper with pictures on them and pointing to the pictures as they tell the story

Forfeited shares can be reissued as fully paid at a par, premium or discount. In this, it may be noted that the amount of discount allowed cannot exceed the amount that had been received on forfeited shares at the time of initial issue.

According to the Companies Act 2013, there are some laws about the utilization of the Securities Premium Account. It states the specific purposes for which this balance may be used. So the account can only be used for such specific purposes and no other purpose.

To issue fully paid-up bonus shares to its existing shareholders. However, you cannot exceed the limit of the unissued share capital of the company.

Securities premium Account can be used for writing off any preliminary expenses of the company.

To write off expenses of issue of shares and debentures, such as commission paid or discount given on the issue of shares.

The balance can also be used to provide for the premium that is payable on the redemption of debentures or of preference shares of the company.

And finally, it can be utilized by the company to buy back its own shares.

The amount of securities premium can be utilised for the following purposes:

1) For writing-off the preliminary expenses of the company.

2) For writing-off the expenses of, or the commission paid or discount allowed on, any issue of shares or debentures of the company.

3) For paying up the premium payable on redemption of redeemable preference shares or debentures of the company.

Administration of AAHPER motor Fitness Test:- The test is administered on school student of around 17 years of age. It includes.

(a) Pull up for boys

(b) Sit-up

(c) Shuttle run

(d) Standing long jump

(e) 50 mts. dash

(f) 600 Years run/walk

Detailed Answer :

AAPHERD stands for American Alliance for Health Physical Education, Recreation and Dance. In 1965, AAPHER led to the collection of wide ranging records or data and revision of the national norms. The following test items are included in this test battery.

(a) Pull-ups (for boys ) or flexed arm hangs (for girls).

(b) Sit ups to a maximum of 50 (for girls) and 100 for boys.

(c) Shuttle Run.

(d) Standing Broad Jump.

(e) 50 yard dash.

(f) Six hundred yard run/walk.

(g) Softball throw for distance.

In 1976, AAPHER Youth Fitness Test was again revised and the following changes were made :

(a) The softball throw test item was deleted. (b) Fixed number of straight leg sit ups test was changed to bent knee sit-ups performed in 60 seconds.

(c) 600 yard run/walk was made optional and the individuals could opt for their 600 yard run/walk or 9 minute run/walk or 1 mile (for ages 10-12) run/walk i.e., 12 minute run/walk (for ages 13 and above). After the revision of AAPHER Youth fitness test in 1976 or 1.5 mile run/walk, following items were finalized in this test battery.

(a) Pull ups (for boys) flexed arm hang (for girls)

(b) Bent knee sit ups

(c) Shuttle sum

(d) Standing board jump

(e) 50 yard dash

(f) 600 yard or 9 min run/walk

(a) Pull ups

Purpose : To measure arm and shoulder strength.

Procedure : The bar is adjusted according to the height of the boy. The bar is held with his palms facing away from him. He is then asked to raise his body so that the chin reaches the level of the bar. One score is awarded for each pull up. One trial is given before the start of the test. Flexed Arm Hang (for girls)

Purpose : To measure arm and shoulder strength.

Procedure : The bar is adjusted according to the standing height of the girl. The bar is held with over hand grasp. The girl lifts her body up with the assistance of testing personnel so that her chin reaches the bar level. The time in seconds she holds the bar, is taken as her score.

(b) Flexed leg sit ups :

Purpose : To measure abdominal strength and endurance.

Procedure : The youth is asked to lie on the floor on his/her back keeping knees bent. The angle of the knees should be around 90°. The feet are held by the partner, the youth puts hand behind the head with fingers interlocked. Then the youth curls up and touches the elbow to knees. The score is counted as maximum number of sit ups in 60 sec.

(c) Shuttle Run :

Purpose : To measure speed and agility Procedure : Two parallel lines are marked 30 feet apart and two wooden blocks 2× 2 × 4 inches are kept on one side of a marked line. The youth stands behind the line opposite to the line where wooden blocks are placed. At the start signal, youth runs towards the wooden blocks and picks up one of them, carrying it to the line from where the test started. The youth then runs and similarly lifts the other block and places it at the starting line. 

(d) Standing Broad Jump :

Purpose : To measure power Procedure : The youth is asked to stand behind the restraining line with feet apart and he/she bends the knee and swinging arm before jumping. The youth lands on both the feet together. The distance from take-off line to the heel is measured in inches. The best of three trials is recorded as the final score.

(e) 50 yard dash :

Purpose : To measure speed Procedure : The youth is asked to run 50 yards and the time is recorded nearest to one-tenths of a second.

(f) 600 yard run/walk :

Purpose : To measure endurance Procedure : The youth is asked to run/walk for 600 yards and the time is recorded in minutes and seconds.

The Pre-Competition Meal
The goal prior to a competition or a training session is to maximise carbohydrate stores in the muscles and liver and to top up blood glucose stores. This helps in

• sustaining energy
• boosting
• performance
• hydrating the body
• preserving muscle mass and
• speeding recovery after competition.

Biological evolution is the change in inherited traits over successive generations in populations of organisms. Adaptation is a key evolutionary process in which variation in the fitness of traits and species are adjusted by natural selection to become better suited for survival in specific ecological habitats. In evolutionary theory, adaptation is the biological mechanism by which organisms adjust to new environments or to changes in their current environment. This enables better survival and reproduction compared with other members of the species, leading to evolution.

Under the leadership of Indira Gandhi, the Indian National Congress won a fourth consecutive term in power and over 54% of the seats, while no other party won more than 10% of the votes or seats. However, the INC's victory was significantly lower than the results they had achieved in the previous three elections under Jawaharlal Nehru. By 1967, economic growth in India had slowed – the 1961–1966 Five-Year Plan gave a target of 5.6% annual growth, but the actual growth rate was 2.4%. Under Lal Bahadur Shastri, the government's popularity was boosted after India prevailed in the 1965 War with Pakistan, but this war (along with the previous 1962 War with China) had helped put a strain on the economy. Internal divisions were emerging in the Indian National Congress and its two popular leaders Nehru and Shastri had both died. Indira Gandhi had succeeded Shastri as leader, but a rift had emerged between her and Deputy Prime Minister Morarji Desai, who had been her rival in the 1966 party leadership contest

Major changes country witnessed at the time of Fourth General Elections’

(i) Two prime ministers died in quick succession.

(ii) The period was fraught with grave economic crises.

(iii) Widespread drought and decline in agricultural production.

(iv) Serious food shortage.

(v) Depletion of foreign exchange reserves.

(vi) Drop in industrial production and exports.

(vii) Sharp rise in military expenditures.

(viii) Diversion of resource from planning and economic development.

Magnetic separation: This method is based on the magnetic and non-magnetic properties of the ore components

1. Magnetic Separation: - This method is based on differences in magnetic properties of the ore components. If either the ore or the gangue (one of these two) is capable of being attracted by a magnetic field, then such separations are carried out (e.g., in case of iron ores). The ground ore is carried on a conveyer belt which passes over a magnetic roller.

वैसे तो पत्रकारों के प्रकार की कोई निश्चित सीमा नही है फिर भी पत्रकार के कुछ प्रमुख प्रकार इस प्रकार हैं।

1. खोजीपत्रकार — ये पत्रकार वो पत्रकार होते हैं जो घटना या मामले की गहराई से छानबीन करके लोगों के सामने लाते हैं। वो मामले जिन छुपाने की कोशिश की जा रही होती है या भ्रष्टाचार से जुड़े मामले जिन्हे दबाने की कोशिश की जाती है ऐसे मामलों को खोजी पत्रकार अपनी जांच-पड़ताल, गहराई से छानबीन कर उचित साक्ष्य और तथ्यों के साथ जनता के सामने लाते हैं। आजकल टेलीविजन में दिखाये जाने वाले जुड़े स्टिंग आपरेशन भी खोजी पत्रकार ही करते हैं।

2. वाचडॉग पत्रकार — ये वो पत्रकार होते में सरकार के कामकाज पर नजर रखते हैं। अक्सर सरकारें अपने कामकाज के संबध में मीडिया को वही जानकारी उपलब्ध कराती हैं जो वो उनके पक्ष में हो। वाचडॉग पत्रकार सरकारी के कामकाज पर नजर रखे रहते हैं और सरकारी की कमियों को भी जनता के सामने लाते हैं।

3. खेल पत्रकार — ये पत्रकार खेल के विशेषता लिये होते हैं और इनका काम विभिन्न खेलों से जुड़ी गतिविधियों को जनता तक पहुंचाना है। कुछ ऐसे पत्रकार भी होते हैं जो किसी विशेष खेल से संबंधित ही रिपोर्टिंग करते हैं।

4. फिल्म/टीवी/फैशन पत्रकार — ये पत्रकार सिनेमा और टीवी जगत में हो रही हलचल की रिपोर्टिंग के लिये जाने जाते हैं। कलाकारों के इंटरव्यू आदि भी ये पत्रकार ही करते हैं। फैशन जगत से जुड़ी रिपोर्टिंग भी ये पत्रकार ही करते हैं।

5. आर्थिक पत्रकार — ये पत्रकार आर्थिक जगत से जुड़े विषयों पर पत्रकारिता करते हैं। अर्थव्यवस्था से जुड़े मसले हों या शेयर बाजार व स्टॉक एक्सचेंज के उतार-चढ़ाव की रिपोर्टिंग करनी हो तो आर्थिक पत्रकार ही रिपोर्टिंग करते हैं। आर्थिक पत्रकार को अर्थशास्त्र व आर्थिक क्षेत्रों की बारीकियों की अच्छी जानकारी होती है।

6. अपराध पत्रकार — अपराध जगत से जुड़ी  घटनाओं की रिपोर्टिंग अपराध पत्रकार करते हैं। ऐसे पत्रकार अक्सर विभिन्न पुलिस स्टेशनों के चक्कर लगाते रहते हैं। पुलिस अधिकारियों से इनके अच्छे संपर्क होते हैं जिससे किसी आपराधिक वारदात की सूचना मिल जाती है। ऐसे पत्रकारों को किसी आपराधिक मामले की तह तक जाने के लिये अक्सर खोजी पत्रकार की तरह कार्य करना होता है।

7. पीत पत्रकार — किसी क्षेत्र की किसी घटना को सनसनीखेज तरीके से पेश कर और उसमें अफवाह, झूठ या मसाला आदि डालकर पेश करने वाले पत्रकार को पीत पत्रकार कहते है। ऐसे पत्रकार ऐसा इसलिये करते ताकि मसालेदार खबरों से जनता को लुभा सकें। ऐसे पत्रकारों की खबरों की कोई विश्वसनीयता नही  होती है।

8. पेज-थ्री पत्रकार — बहुत से प्रमुख अखबारों के साथ आने वाले सप्लीमेंटस के पेज नं. थ्री पर अक्सर बड़े-बड़े सेलिब्रिटीज और अमीर लोगों की पार्टियो और लाइफ स्टाइल की खबरे छपती रहती हैं। पेज-थ्री पत्रकारों काम ऐसी खबरों की रिपोर्टिंग करना है। ये पत्रकार अक्सर पार्टियों में नजर आते हैं।

9. विज्ञान पत्रकार — विज्ञान से जुड़े विषयों, अंतरिक्ष, अनुसंधान, टेक्नोलोजी से जुड़े विषयों पर ये पत्रकार रिपोर्टिंग करते हैं।

10. एडवोकेसी पत्रकार — ये पत्रकार किसी खास विषय पर लोगों का जनमत जानने या किसी ओपिनियन पोल आदि बनाने के लिये जाने जाते हैं।

11. वैकल्पिक पत्रकार — ये पत्रकार मुख्यधारा के पत्रकारों से अलग होते हैं और इन्हें सरकार, मीडिया संस्थान का समर्थन नही होता है। इनके समर्थन व सहयोग का मुख्य स्रोत इनके पाठक या दर्शक होते हैं। बहुत से फ्रीलांस पत्रकार इसी श्रेणी में आते हैं।

इस प्रकार ये  पत्रकारों के प्रमुख पत्रकार हैं।