Option c: Azotobacter is a freelivig bacteria which is present in the soil. They are aerobic and can survive only if there is presence of oxygen. It helps in fixing nitrogen by converting atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia. Thus, it is an example of non-symbiotic nitrogen fixing bacteria. Therefore, this is the correct option.

Debentures:

• It is a document known as Debenture Certificate.
• It is an acknowledgement of debt by the company.
• It is an agreement between the company and its debenture holders for repayment of the principal amount on a specified date along with interest at a pre-determined rate charged on the principal amount until the principal is repaid.
• It is an evidence of a debt to the holder usually arising out of a loan and mostly secured by a charge.

India has maintained good relations with all the post-communist countries but its relations with Russia are an important aspect of India's foreign policy. The relations during the Cold War were as given below:

1)  Economic : Russia gave aid and technical assistance for steel plants like Bhilai, Bokaro,Visakhapatnam and machinery plants like Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd. The Soviet Union accepted Indian currency for trade when India was short of foreign exchange.

2) Political: The Soviet Union supported India's stand on Kashmir issue in the UN. It supported India during the war with Pakistan in 1971.

3) Military: India received most of its military hardware from the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union entered into various agreements allowing India to jointly produce military equipment.

4) Culture : Hindi films and Indian culture became popular in the Soviet Union. A large number of Indian writers and artists visited the USSR.

The major events in the Indo-China relations are as examined below :

1. Great powers : Before the advent of western imperialism both were great powers. However, there was limited interaction between the two and neither country was very familiar with the other.

2. Hindi-Chini bhai-bhai: After independence for a brief period the two countries came closer and the slogan Hindi-Chini bhai-bhai became popular.

3. Tibet (1950) and border conflict (1962) : Chinese takeover of Tibet (1950) and border conflict (1962) had negative effect on relationship. Diplomatic relations between the two countries were downgraded until 1976.

4. Change in China’s political leadership : After the change in political leadership the policy have become more pragmatic and less ideological. A series of talks to resolve the border issue were initiated in 1981.

5. Rajiv Gandhi’s China visit and its outcomes : Rajiv Gandhi’s visit in December 1988 had improve the relations. Measures to maintain peace have been taken. Various agreements for cooperation have been signed. India-China trade has been growing at 30 percent per year since 1999. It is hoped that more positive and sound relationship will be established in future.

Consequences of emergency were :

• Fundamental Rights were suspended.
• The power of Judiciary were limited.
• Press was censored.
• All the power were concentrated in the hands of Union Government.
• Civil liberties of the citizens were taken away.

Jayaprakash Narayan was born in 1902 CE in Bihar. He completed his higher education in American Universities for more than seven years. While studying in America, he became familiar with Socialist philosophy. On returning to India, he joined Congress as per the guidance of Nehru. He entered politics in 1974 and called for Total Revolution.As a result of this movement, the Janatha Party came to power. He was fondly called as Loknayak by the people.

Integral humanism was a set of concepts drafted by Deendayal Upadhyaya as a political program and adopted in 1965 as the official doctrine of the Jan Sangh.

M. S. Golwalkar believed in the concept of Organicism, from which the Integral Humanism was not very different. In Integral Humanism, Golwalkar's thoughts were supplemented by appropriating major Gandhian principles and presented as version of Hindu Nationalism.

Aldehydes: Aldehydes are the organic compounds in which carbonyl group is attached to one hydrogen atom and one alkyl or aryl group.

Globalisation is defined as the integration between countries through foreign trade and foreign investments by multinational corporations (MNCs).

The most important causes of globalization differ among the three major components of international market integration: trade, multinational production, and international finance. The information technology revolution has made it very difficult for governments to control cross-border capital movements, even if they have political incentives to do so. Governments can still restrict the multinationalization of production, but they have increasingly chosen to liberalize because of the macroeconomic benefits. Although the one-time Ricardian gains from freer trade are clear, whether trade is good for growth in the medium term is less certain. In the case of trade, the increasing interest of exporters in opening up domestic markets has had a powerful impact on the trend to liberalization. Cross-national variations in market integration still endure, but these are more the product of basic economic characteristics (such as country size and level of development) than political factors (such as regime type or the left-right balance of power).

Interspace is a client/server software program that allows multiple users to communicate online with real-time audio, video and text chat in dynamic 3D environments. Interspaceprovides the most advanced form of communication available on the Internet today.

The Interspace is a vision of what the Internet will become, where users cross-correlate information in multiple sources. It is an applications environment for interconnecting spaces to manipulate information, much as the Internet is a protocol environment for interconnecting networks to transmit data.

Lal Bahadur Shastri was drawn towards the national struggle for freedom when he was a boy. He was very impressed by Gandhi’s speech which was delivered on the foundation ceremony of Banaras Hindu University. After that, he became a loyal follower of Gandhi and then after jumped into the freedom movement. Because of this, he had to go to jail many times. Lal Bahadur Shastri was always believed that self-sustenance and self-reliance as the pillars to build a strong nation. Lal Bahadur Shastri wished to be remembered by his work rather than well-rehearsed speeches proclaiming lofty promises. He was always against the prevailing caste system and therefore decided to drop his surname and after his graduation, he get Shastri surname.

Jawaharlal Nehru died Lal Bahadur Shastri succeeded him as the Prime Minister for a very short time of only 18 months. In 1965 war he got his achievements after the victory on Pakistan. On 11^th January 1966, he got a severe heart attack and he died.

Lal Bahadur Shastri was the second prime minister of India. He was a great man as well as a great leader and was rewarded by “Bharat Ratna“. He gave a famous slogan “Jai Jawan Jai Kissan”. Lal Bahadur Shastri utilized the time in reading the social reformers and western philosophers. He was always against the “dowry system” and so refused to take dowry from his father in law. Lal Bahadur Shastri tackled many elementary problems like food shortage, unemployment, and poverty. To overcome the acute food shortage, Shastri asked the experts to devise a long-term strategy. This was the beginning of the famous “Green Revolution”. Lal Bahadur Shastri was a very soft-spoken person.

After the Chinese aggression of 1962, India faced another aggression from Pakistan in 1965 during Shastri’s tenure and Lal Bahadur Shastri showing his mettle and made it very clear that India would not sit and watch. While granting liberty to the Security Forces to retaliate he said: “Force will be met with force”. Lal Bahadur Shastri was first as the Minister for Transport and Communications and then as the Minister of Commerce and Industry. In 1961 he was the Minister for Home and formed the “Committee on Prevention of Corruption” headed by of K. Santhanam.

i. Macromolecular sol: They are molecules of large size having high molecular masses. Due to long chain, the vander waal's forces are stronger, e.g., rubber, nylon etc. 

ii. Peptization is the process responsible for the formation of stable dispersion of colloidal particles in dispersion medium. In other words, it may be defined as a process of converting a precipitate into colloidal sol by shaking it with dispersion medium in the presence of small amount of electrolyte.
iii.  Emulsion is a fine dispersion of minute droplets of one liquid in another in which it is not soluble or miscible, e.g. milk.

You are the director of ‘Pawan Hans’ a placement agency with excellent track record. You provide skilled as well as unskilled workers to business establishments, construction companies and manufacturing houses. Draft an advertisement for a national daily offering your services to your prospective clients.
Answer:

PLACEMENT SERVICES

Available for immediate employment, skilled as well as unskilled workers suitable for business establishments, construction companies and manufacturing houses. For consultancy and confirmation, contact: Pawan Hans, 2/21 Kirti Nagar, New Delhi. Tel.:  98XXXXXX

Industrial licensing is an authority issued by the government organisation to permit the institution or organisation for starting an industry or to start certain function. Governments can take many different actions to influence the allocation of resources. Some of the most common actions include subsidies, tax incentives, or preferential credit treatment. Subsidies are direct or indirect payments that are given to an individual, business, or industry as a form of financial support.

Question

Calculate interest coverage ratio and give your comments:

net profit after tax:120000

rate of income tax:40%

16% debentures Rs 100000

Answer:

Interest Coverage Ratio = Profit before Interest and Tax
Profit after Tax = Rs 1,20,000
Tax Rate = 40%
Value of 60% = Rs 1,20,000
Value of 40% = Rs 1,20,000/60%*40% = Rs 80,000

Profit after Interest but before Tax = Rs 2,00,000 (Rs 1,20,000+Rs 80,000)
Interest on Loan = Rs 15,000 (Rs 1,00,000*15%)
Profit before Interest and Tax = Rs 2,00,000+Rs  15,000 = Rs 2,15,000

Interest Coverage Ratio = Rs 2,15,000/16,000 = 13.4:1.

The war in Afghanistan is the world's most lethal conflict. Taliban militants now control more territory than at any time since the U.S.-led coalition drove the group out of Kabul in 2001. At the same time, an unprecedented ceasefire in 2018 and subsequent negotiation efforts have illuminated the possibility of peace. Afghanistan is not in the Middle-East. Afghanistan is most commonly referred to as being a part of the region of Central Asia; a group of countries that occupies the area between China, India, Russia and Iran.

King Tut’s body has been subjected to repeated scrutiny.

King Tut died unexpectedly at a very young age. His untimely death gave birth to many speculations. His body has been subjected to repeated scrutiny. It has been done so as to know how he died and what his age was at the time of his death.

“We are not Afraid to Die.........” is a first person account of an adventurous ordeal that a family experiences during the voyage. There are three sections of the text. The narration of events matches the mood of the voyage. The first section describes how the voyage began with great hope and fanfare in July 1976. They were attempting to ‘duplicate the round-the-world voyage made 200 years earlier by Captain James Cook. Wavewalker had been professionally built. It was thoroughly tested in the roughest weather. They sailed down to Cape Town. The trouble started only when they left Cape Town. On January 2, the waves were gigantic. The narration of the events mirrors the hectic efforts of the captain and the crew to protect Wavewalker.

The second section : “Search for an Island” describes their struggle for survival for the last 15 hours. On January 4, they ate their first meal in almost two days. But the respite was short lived. This also captures the highly emotional response of the children. Jon declared : "We aren’t afraid of dying if we can all be together—you and Mummy, Sue and I.”

In the last section “Cheerful Landing” the narration shifts back to the relaxed style. The captain was sure to reach lle Amsterdam. Jon gave the good news. The island was in front of them. All the 28 inhabitants were there to cheer and help them ashore.

Micronutrients are nutrients that are required by the body in lesser amounts for its growth and development. They play a major role in the metabolic activities of the body. These include vitamins and minerals. Since our body cannot produce vitamins and minerals, they are taken externally from different food products.