(i) समय के साथ न ढलने वाले: यशोधर बाबू समय के साथ नहीं ढल पाए। उनकी चाल वही पुरानी बनी रही। वे न तो स्वयं नए ढंग के चाल-चलन अपना पाए, न बच्चों को अपनाने दिए। वे सेक्शन अफसर होते हुए भी साइकिल से दफ्तर जाते थे।

(ii)रूढ़िवादी: यशोधर बाबू रूढ़िवादी थे। उन्हें पुरानी बातें, पुरानी परंपराएँ, पुराने रीति-रिवाज अच्छे लगते थे। वे संयुक्त परिवार प्रथा में विश्वास रखते थे। उन्हें पत्नी का सजना-सँवरना कतई नहीं भाता था। वे प्रतिदिन लक्ष्मीनारायण मंदिर जाते थे।

(ii) भाैतिक सुख के विरोधी: यशोधर बाबू को भौतिक सुखों की कतई इच्छा नहीं रहती, बल्कि वे तो इनके विरोधी हैं। उन्हें अपने घर में पार्टी का होना अच्छा नहीं लगता। वे स्वयं या तो पैदल चलते है या साइकिल पर। उन्हें केक काटना बचकानी बात लगती है। उनकी वेशभूषा भी अत्यंत साधारण किस्म की होती है।?

Full employment is an economic situation in which all available labor resources are being used in the most efficient way possible. Full employment embodies the highest amount of skilled and unskilled labor that can be employed within an economy at any given time.

True full employment is an ideal—and probably unachievable—situation in which anyone who is willing and able to work can find a job, and unemployment is zero. It is a theoretical goal for economic policymakers to aim for rather than an actually observed state of the economy. In practical terms, economists can define various levels of full employment that are associated with low but non-zero rates of unemployment.

National Development Council (NDC) or the Rashtriya Vikas Parishad is the apex body for decision making and deliberations on development matters in India presided over by the Prime Minister. National Development Council was set up on August 6, 1952, to strengthen and mobilize the effort and resources of the nation in support of the Plan, to promote common economic policies in all vital spheres, and to ensure the balanced and rapid development of all parts of the country. The National Development Council is one of the key organizations of the planning system in India. It symbolizes the federal approach to planning and is the instrument for ensuring that the planning system adopts a truly national perspective. 

Income Method By this method, the total sum of the factor payments received during a given period is estimated to obtain the value of Domestic Income. Depending on the way, the income is earned.
It can be classified into following components:
(i) Compensation of employees
(ii) Operating surplus (rent, profit and interest)
(iii) Mixed income of self-employed

Computation of National Income (By Income Method)

Value Added Method/Product Method/Output Method By this method, the total value of all the final goods and services produced in an economy during a given time period are estimated to obtain the value of domestic income.

Computation of National Income (By Value Added Method)

The Harappa site was first briefly excavated by Sir Alexander Cunningham in 1872-73, two decades after brick robbers carried off the visible remains of the city. He found an Indus seal of unknown origin.
The first extensive excavations at Harappa were started by Rai Bahadur Daya Ram Sahni in 1920. His work and contemporaneous excavations at Mohenjo-daro first brought to the world's attention the existence of the forgotten Indus Valley civilization as the earliest urban culture in the Indian subcontinent.
His work was followed later in the decade by that of Madho Sarup Vats, also of the Archaeological Survery of India. M.S. Vats first excavated the "Granary," and published the results of his and Sahni's excavations in 1940. Excavations by other archaeologists continued in the 1930's, and in 1946 Sir Mortimer Wheeler excavated the so-called fortification walls and found the first pre-Indus Valley civilization (Kot Dijian) deposits.

After independence, Harappa was excavated by Mohammed Rafique Mughal of the Archaeological Survey of Pakistan in 1966. In 1986, the first systematic, multi-disciplinary excavations of an Indus Valley city were begun by the Harappa Archaeological Project (HARP), under the direction of George F. Dales and J. Mark Kenoyer. These excavations, now also co-directed by Richard H. Meadow, have continued almost every year since then.

There is an enormous amount still to be learned about the site, most of which remains unexcavated. The earliest deposits on the site go back to 3300 B.C. and the area seems to have been continuosly inhabited ever since. Archaeologists think that ancient Harappa was the urban center dominating the upper Indus region, much like Mohenjo-daro dominated the lower Indus Valley and Ganweriwala might have been the urban center for what is now Rajasthan

NEW PLAYERS 

There are many students who are talented and are not able to exhibit their talent. So intramurals provide opportunity for them to show their talent. The intramurals give an opportunity to the students to many new skills. Since intramurals include variety of activities so it becomes more interesting to learn.

Voltage drops

Whenever current passes through a resistance of some kind, a voltage drop occurs across that resistance. The amount of the drop is given by Ohm's Law: 

V=IR 

Where: 

V = The value of the voltage drop 

I ₌ The current through the circuit in amperes

R = The total resistance of the circuit 

Let's say you have a simple series circuit containing a 10-volt battery, a 3-ohm resistor, and a 2-ohm resistor in series with each other (if the resisitors are in parallel the voltage drop across the "system" of resistors is equivalent to the input voltage of the system, in this example 10 volts. The current flow through each resistor can then be calculated using Ohm's Law). Ohm's Law tells us that 2 Amps are flowing in the circuit (I = V/R = 10/5 = 2). The voltage drop across the 3-ohm resistor is 6 volts (V = IR = 2*3 = 6).

The orderd flow of electric charges through a conductor is called electric current and it equal to charge flowing per unit time, i.e., current = charge/time. Its SISI unit is an ampere (A).

Circular flow of income in four-sector economy. Without introducing external sector (also called Rest of World — ROW), our model will remain incomplete. The domestic economy is connected with ROW through international trade (imports and exports) and capital flows. In case of imports, money flows to the ROW whereas in case of exports money flows in from ROW. Mind, imports are leakages and exports are injections into the circular flows of income in the economy. The four-sector model of the economy is fully depicted in Fig.(c).
Significance of circular flow of income (i) It reflects structure of an economy. (ii) It shows interdependence among different sectors. (iii) It gives information about injections and leakages from flow of money. (iv) It helps in estimation of national income and its related aggregates.

Self Inductance of a coil is the magnetic flux linked with the coil when the current through coil is IA

ϕ=li where L is the constant of proportionality .

Let a source of emf be connected to an inductor L 

With increase in current ,the opposite emf ,e=−Ldtdi​

Work done dw=∣e∣idt=Lidtdi​dt=Lidi

W=∫0i​Lidi=21​Li2

Energy stored in magnetic inductor,U=21​Li2

Like DNA, RNA (ribonucleic acid) is essential for all known forms of life. RNA monomers are also nucleotides. Unlike DNA, RNA in biological cells is predominantly a single-stranded molecule. While DNA contains deoxyribose, RNA contains ribose, characterised by the presence of the 2'-hydroxyl group on the pentose ring. This hydroxyl group make RNA less stable than DNA because it is more susceptible to hydrolysis. RNA contains the unmethylated form of the base thymine called uracil.

Consequences of Migration

Economic consequences

– A major economic benefit of migration is the remittance sent by migrants

– Remittance from the international migration are one of the major source of foreign exchange

– In 2002, India received US$ 11 billion as remittance from international migrants

– Punjab, Kerela, Tamil Nadu receive very important amount from their international migrants

– Remittance amount play an important role in the growth of economy

– Remittances are mainly used for food, repayment of debts, treatment, marriages,
children’s education, agricultural inputs, construction of houses, etc

– It works as a life blood economy for thousand of poor villages of Bihar, UP, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh

Some of the drawbacks of migration are

(i) unregulated migration to the cities has caused overcrowding

(ii) development of slums in industrially developed states such as Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Delhi

Demographic consequences

It leads to the redistribution of the population within a country

Rural-urban migration contribute to the population growth of cities

Adverse effect on the rural demographic structure i e on age and skill selective

Out- migration create imbalance in age and *** composition Eg in Uttaranchal, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Eastern Maharashtra

Social consequences

Migrants acts as agents of social change

New technology, family planning, girl’s education etc get diffused from Urban-Rural areas

It leads to intermixing of people from diverse culture

Drawbacks of migration are

(i) It create anonymity which creates social vaccum and sense of dejection among individuals

(ii) Dejection may motivate people to fall in the trap of anti-social activities like crime and drug abuse

Environmental consequences

Overcrowding of people due to rural-urban migration leads to unplanned growth of urban settlement

Formation of slums shanty colonies

Over exploitation of natural resources leads to acute problem of depletion of ground water, air pollution, disposal of sewage and management of solid wastes

Other consequences

Migration affects the status of women directly or indirectly

Male selective out migration leaving their wives behind puts extra physical as well mental pressure on the women

The history of geography includes many histories of geography which have differed over time and between different cultural and political groups. In more recent developments, geography has become a distinct academic discipline. 'Geography' derives from the Greekγεωγραφία – geographia,[1] a literal translation of which would be "to describe or write about the Earth". The first person to use the word "geography" was Eratosthenes (276–194 BC).

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