Autonomous items in BOP accounts refer to international economic transactions that take place due to economic motives like profit maximisation. These are called autonomous items because they are independent of balance of payment considerations.

Resistance has some fixed value like 100 Ω,10kΩΩ,10kΩ. On the other hand, Capacitive Reactance varies with the applied frequency, and hence any variation in supply frequency will have a big effect on the capacitive reactance value.

• Group think is a consequence of extreme cohesiveness. So the members never criticise the leader and try to defend him.

• Group think is the name given to the tendency for certain types of group to reach decisions that are extreme and which tend to be unwise or unrealistic.

• Group-members may ignore or discount information that is inconsistent with their chosen decision and express strong disapproval against any group-member who might disagree.

• The eventual decisions are taken without criticism. The social and political consequences of group think may be far-reaching; and history has many examples of major blunders that have been the results of decisions reached in this way.

Following steps can be taken to reduce it:

• Encouraging and rewarding critical thinking. e.g., 'Best criticism award'.

• Encouraging groups to present alternative courses of action.

• Making outside expert to evaluate group decisions.

शब्दों का चयन कविता के बाहरी रूप को पूर्ण और आकर्षक बनाता है। कवि की कल्पना शब्दों के सार्थक और उचित प्रयोग द्वारा ही साकार होती है। अपनी हृदयगत भावनाओं को अभिव्यक्त करने के लिए कवि भाषा की अनेक प्रकार से योजना करता है ओर इस प्रकार प्रभावशाली कविता रचता है।

We need international organisations like UN:

• To resolve the conflicts and differences Among the nations.
• To prescribe rules, regulations and mechanisms for cooperation to avoid mistrust and mismanagement.

 The poem touches upon themes of social injustice and class inequality. It questions the value of education in a slum. It exposes the widespread neglect of these children who are uncared for, like rootless weeds. It gives the readers a description of malnourished children with pale faces, stunted growth and twisted bones. But the poem does not dwell upon pessimism. It highlights the role of the educators and the more privileged class in society to liberate the children and infuse them with human creativity.

On July 7, HRD Minister Ramesh Pokhriyal announced a major CBSE syllabus reduction with 30% of the syllabus slashed for the year 2020-21 for classes 9 to 12 because of the reduction in classroom teaching time due to the Covid-19 pandemic and lockdown.

CBSE has rationalized the syllabus with the help of suggestions from NCERT and the same has been notified by a new CBSE notification as well.

Deleted syllabus of CBSE Class 12 Economics

Non - alignment is neither neutrality, nor isolation nor non commitment. It is because the member countries of the movement did particiate in world events. So they did not reamin isolated. They were non committed to any military blocs but maintained friedly relations with the countries of the First and the Second World. NAM came forward to help the underdeveloed and developing newly independent countries.

‘Mughals transmitted their grand vision through the writing of dynastic histories.’’ This statement is explained below:

1. Each manuscript contained an average of 120 full or double-page paintings of Battles, Court scenes, construction of buildings and hunts.

2. The chronicle is based on many sources including actual records of the events, official documents and oral testimony of knowledgeable people.

3. The political significant events were recorded over time.

4. It gave a chronological picture of all the aspects of the Akbar's Empire including geographical, cultural, social and administrative aspects.

5. Abul Fazal gave a lot of importance to diction and rhythm in his works.

6. A detailed description of Akbar's life could be obtained by Akbar Nama.

7. Badshah Nama was also written which was a similar tale of Akbar's reign by Abdul Hamid Lahori.

8. The 3 volumes were later revised by Shah Jahan's Wazir Sadulla Khan.

The teachings of Buddha are as follows:

• The world is transient (anicca) and constantly changing. It is also soulless as there is nothing permanent or eternal in it.
• Within this transient world, sorrow (dukkha) is intrinsic to human existence.
• By following the path of moderation between severe penance and self-indulgence, human beings can use above these worldly pleasures.
• He advised kings and gahapatis to be humane and ethical. Buddha regarded the social world as the creation of humans rather than of divine origin.
• He emphasised individual agency and righteous action as the means to escape from the cycle of rebirth and attain self-realisation and nibbana (literally means the extinguishing of ego and desire).
  This ends the cycle of suffering for those who renounced the world.
• The words to his followers were “Be lamps into yourselves as all of you must work out your own liberation.”

Vithalla temple of Vijayanagara was considered unique and

interesting due to the following reasons:

6. The principal deity in the Vitthala temple was Vitthala- a form of Vishnu.

. It had many halls and a shrine designed in the form of a chariot.

. It had chariot streets that extended from the temple gopurams in a straight line.

. The streets had stone slabs and lines with a pillared pavilion in which the merchants set up their shops.

. The rulers of Vijayanagar drew on different traditions to create an empirical culture.

• In the sixth century BCE exchanges were facilitated by the introduction of coinage.
• Punch-marked coins made of silver and copper were amongst the earliest to be minted and used.
• The first coins to bear the names and images of rulers were issued by the Indo-Greeks, who established control over the north-western part of the subcontinent c. second century BCE.
• The first gold coins were issued c. first century CE by the Kushanas.
• Hoards of Roman coins have been found from archaeological sites in south India.
• Coins were also issued by tribal republics such as that of the Yaudheyas of Punjab and Haryana.
• Archaeologists have unearthed several thousand copper coins issued by the Yaudheyas, pointing to the latter’s interest and participation in economic exchanges.
• Some of the most spectacular gold coins were issued by the Gupta rulers.

On July 7, HRD Minister Ramesh Pokhriyal announced a major CBSE syllabus reduction with 30% of the syllabus slashed for the year 2020-21 for classes 9 to 12 because of the reduction in classroom teaching time due to the Covid-19 pandemic and lockdown.

CBSE has rationalized the syllabus with the help of suggestions from NCERT and the same has been notified by a new CBSE notification as well.

Deleted syllabus of CBSE Class 12 Mathematics

Summary

This poem by Stephen Spender gives a vivid description of a school classroom in a slum and the children in the class.

The faces of the children are dull. Their appearance shows that they are unwanted. The children have gloomy faces. Their heads hanging low in sadness due to being poor. They have diseased bodies inherited from their parents and are victims of poverty. At the dim end of the room, sits one child who has bright eyes which seem to dream - of playing outside with squirrels. He is different from the others in the dim, dark room.

The walls of the classroom are dirty. People have donated different charts and images which have been put up on them. One of them is a picture Of the great playwright Shakespeare. His head is bald and resembles the rising Sun. The next poster is of the Tyrolese valley, full of churches and flowers which symbolizes the beautiful creations of nature. Another one is a map of the World. To these children the world is not the one shown in these pictures, but it is the one they see out of the class room window. They are trapped in the slums. Their future is dim and hopeless. They have a dark future as their options in life are limited and are covered with dismay. They are far away from the bright light of knowledge.

Comprehending these pictures is beyond their abilities. They hate everyone and for them, Shakespeare is a wicked man. As no one loves them, they dislike everyone. the desire for love and acceptance forces them to do crimes like stealing. The children are so skinny that their clothes are like a skin and their skeleton is visible through them. This is due to lack of nutrition. They have worn looking glasses made of steel which are cheap, heavy and uncomfortable. Their chances of fulfilling their dreams and moving out have been further reduced by building bigger slums. Until they come out of the slums, they will never know what the world looks like.
The Government system which makes these slums is the cause for these people to live in them. The education system is such that it forces them to live in these slums. They are not given the right to dream beyond these slums. They have been restricted to the slums.

The poet requests the authorities to allow these children to go out of these slums so that the maps on the walls of the class room become a reality for them.  They should be taken to the green fields rather than the dim slums.The sunny, warm sand of the beaches and the bright blue sky will instill a hunger for knowledge in their minds. Then they will absorb all of it. Then these children will become economically empowered. The poem ends with a powerful line - those who make history are the ones who shine like the Sun.

This poem by Stephen Spender gives a vivid description of a school classroom in a slum and the children in the class.

The faces of the children are dull. Their appearance shows that they are unwanted. The children have gloomy faces. Their heads hanging low in sadness due to being poor. They have diseased bodies inherited from their parents and are victims of poverty. At the dim end of the room, sits one child who has bright eyes which seem to dream - of playing outside with squirrels. He is different from the others in the dim, dark room.

The walls of the classroom are dirty. People have donated different charts and images which have been put up on them. One of them is a picture Of the great playwright Shakespeare. His head is bald and resembles the rising Sun. The next poster is of the Tyrolese valley, full of churches and flowers which symbolizes the beautiful creations of nature. Another one is a map of the World. To these children the world is not the one shown in these pictures, but it is the one they see out of the class room window. They are trapped in the slums. Their future is dim and hopeless. They have a dark future as their options in life are limited and are covered with dismay. They are far away from the bright light of knowledge.

Comprehending these pictures is beyond their abilities. They hate everyone and for them, Shakespeare is a wicked man. As no one loves them, they dislike everyone. the desire for love and acceptance forces them to do crimes like stealing. The children are so skinny that their clothes are like a skin and their skeleton is visible through them. This is due to lack of nutrition. They have worn looking glasses made of steel which are cheap, heavy and uncomfortable. Their chances of fulfilling their dreams and moving out have been further reduced by building bigger slums. Until they come out of the slums, they will never know what the world looks like.
The Government system which makes these slums is the cause for these people to live in them. The education system is such that it forces them to live in these slums. They are not given the right to dream beyond these slums. They have been restricted to the slums.

The poet requests the authorities to allow these children to go out of these slums so that the maps on the walls of the class room become a reality for them.  They should be taken to the green fields rather than the dim slums.The sunny, warm sand of the beaches and the bright blue sky will instill a hunger for knowledge in their minds. Then they will absorb all of it. Then these children will become economically empowered. The poem ends with a powerful line - those who make history are the ones who shine like the Sun.

The battle between the hoe and the plough was a long one:

i. The British wanted to bring more land under cultivation for increasing agricultural produce and revenue.They failed to convince the Paharias to practice settled
agriculture.

ii. Hill folk in the Rajmahal hills were known as Paharias. They depended on forest produce and shifting cultivation or their living and grew a variety of pulses and millets for consumption.

iii. The British gave land to Santhals (Damin-i-koh) to settle in cultivate. The Santhals cleared land and converted it into cultivable land.

iv. Santhals displaced the Paharias. They practiced plough agriculture and ploughed land to grow rice and cotton.

Torque is the measure of the force that can cause an object to rotate about an axis. Force is what causes an object to accelerate in linear kinematics. Similarly, torque is what causes an angular acceleration. Hence, torque can be defined as the rotational equivalent of linear force. The point where the object rotates is called the axis of rotation. In physics, torque is simply the tendency of a force to turn or twist. Different terminologies such as moment or moment of force are interchangeably used to describe torque.

The major issue which led to the formal split of the Congress Party in 1969 was the differences between Indira Gandhi and the ‘syndicate'. Its discussed below:

(i) She launched a series of initiatives to give the government policy a Left orientation. She got the Congress working committee to adopt a Ten Point Programme in May 1967. This programme included social control of banks, nationalisation of General Insurance, ceiling on urban property and income, land reforms and other items. While (syndicate) leaders approved this left wing programme, they had serious reservations about the same.

(ii) The factional rivalry between the syndicate and Indira Gandhi came in the open in the Presidential election in 1969. The official Congress candidate was N. Sanjeeva Reddy. Indira Gandhi, however, encouraged V.V. Giri, to file nomination as an independent candidate. The Congress President issued a whip but Indira Gandhi called for a ‘conscience vote’ leading to V.V. Giri victory.

(iii) In the meantime, Indira Gandhi also announced the nationalisation of fourteen leading private banks and the abolition of privy purses which led differences between Indira Gandhi and the Finance Minister Morarji Desai resulting in Desai leaving the government.

These events led to the split in the Congress in 1969 into two - Congress (Organisation) and Congress (Requisitionists).

Indira Gandhi had no option except to impose emergency as 1. She felt that frequent agitation and strikes by Opposition are not good for democracy. 2. She felt that opposition was not allowing the Govt. to function in normal manner -leading to political instability, 3. She felt that the judiciary was acting as a hurdle to her govt. 4. She alleged that subversive forces were not allowing her govt. to implement the progressive programs, for example, 20 point program, 5. She alleged that subversive forces were attempting to overthrow her government through extra constitutional means.

No need to impose emergency 1. Popular struggle against the government - a legacy of our national struggle for freedom. 2. The Bihar and Gujarat movements were mostly non-violent. Very few cases registered against the detainees. 3. Law and order situation was mostly normal. Emergency was an overreaction on the part of government. 4. There was no threat to the unity and integrity of the nation. 5. Indira Gandhi misused an extraordinary constitutional provision meant for saving the nation to remain in power

As a marketing manager of a hotel in a popular tourist city, I will have a certain societal concern

1. Activities of the hotel should not harm the tourist place, should not affect local and should not cause any pollution.
2. To maintain ethics and fair pricing of hotel rooms

Steps:- We will ensure that activities of the hotel do not harm the environment and locality, we will have a proper process for waste management, sustainable use of natural resources like water electricity etc. and will make guest also aware of it.

We will also ensure that our room prices are priced appropriately and we should not take advantage of guest in peak season by pricing room inappropriately.

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Herbarium is a collection of pressed, dried and labeled plant specimens and data associated with it which is used for scientific study. The specimens are arranged by a classification scheme. These are used for plant identification. It has details of plant locations, habitat, abundance and flowering and fruiting periods. First step in preparing a herbarium specimen is field visit and collection of specimen. The specimen is then spread on blotting sheet and is placed in press for drying. The dry specimen is then mounted on the herbarium sheet. The specimen is preserved using 2% mercuric chloride fungicide. After proper labeling of it, it is finally stored.