write any two

Measures initiated by the government to improve agricultural marketing are as follows:

1. Regulation of market is required to create orderly and transparent marketing conditions. In regulated markets, sale and purchase of the produce is checked by the Market Committee consisting of representatives of government, farmers and the traders.
2. Improvement in physical infrastructure is to improve the agricultural marketing. As the current existing facilities such as roads, railways, warehouses, processing units are not sufficient to meet the growing demand. Hence, government ensures the improvement in physical infrastructure.
3. Cooperative marketing is the measure taken by the government in realising the fair prices for farmer products. Farmers, as members of these societies, bargain well for better prices for their produce through collective sale.
4. The supportive policy instrument are assurance of Minimum Support Prices (MSP) for agricultural products, maintenance of buffer stocks of wheat and rice by Food Corporation of India (FCI) and distribution of food grains and sugar through Public Distribution System (PDS).

Yes, we do agree with the above statement that the traditional handicrafts industries were ruined under the British times. The following are the reasons in favour of the statement.

1. Discriminatory Tariff Policy: The British rule in India corresponded with its industrialisation. The British rule used India both as a source of cheap raw materials as well as easy accessible market for their finished products. Thereby, they imposed heavy tariffs (export duties) on India’s export of handicraft products, while allowed free export of India’s raw material to Britain and free import of British products into India. This made Indian exports costlier and its international demand fell drastically leading to the collapse of handicrafts industries.

2. Competition from Machine made Britain Goods: The demand for the handicrafts products experienced a downward trend in the domestic markets as well. This was due to stiff competition from the machine made textiles from Britain. This was because of the reason that the goods produced mechanically in Britain were comparatively cheaper and of superior quality than the Indian handicraft goods. This narrowed the market for Indian industries.

3. Emergence of New Class: The British rule in India popularised western lifestyle in India. There was an emergence of a new section of population (consisting mainly of zamindars) in India who liked the British goods. This section used to spend lavishly on the British products that provided impetus for the development of British industries at the cost of the domestic industries. Hence, gradually Indian industries perished away.

4. Disappearance of Princely State: Prior to the advent of British, India was ruled by princely states. They used to patronise handicrafts industries and consequently, Indian handicrafts gained reputation in the international markets. But during the British rule, these princely states were ruined thereby ruining the protection of these handicrafts industries. Thus, gradually Indian handicrafts lost its reputation and its importance deteriorated.

(i) Prime Minister Rozgar Yojana (PMRY): It is a scheme started in 1993. The aim of the programme is to create self-employment opportunities for educated unemployed youth in rural areas and small towns. They are helped in setting up small businesses and industries.

(ii) Rural Employment Generation Programme (REGP): It was launched in 1995. The aim of the programme is to create self-employment opportunities in rural areas and small towns. A target for creating 25 latch new jobs has been set for the programme.

 (iii) Swamajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY): It was launched in 1999. The programme aims at bringing the assisted poor families above the poverty line by organising them into self-help groups through a mix of bank credit and government subsidy.

 (iv) Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana (PMGY): It was launched in 2000. Under this programme, additional Central assistance is given to states for basic services such as primary health, primary education, rural shelter, rural drinking water and rural electrification.

 फयांस क्या होता है ?

उत्तर - घिसी हुई रेत या बालू एवं रंग तथा चिपचिपे पदार्थ के मिश्रण को पकाकर बनाया गया बर्तन फयांस कहलाता है। फयांस से बने छोटे पात्र कीमती माने जाते थे क्योंकि इन्हें बनाना मुश्किल था।

The following are the factors that necessitated the need for the economic reforms.

1. Huge Fiscal Deficit: Throughout 1980s, fiscal deficit was getting worse due to huge non-development expenditures. As a result, gross fiscal deficit rose from 5.7% of GDP to 6.6% of GDP during 1980-81 to 1990-91. Subsequently, a major portion of this deficit was financed by borrowings (both from external and domestic source).

The increased borrowings resulted in increased public debt and mounting interest payment obligations. The domestic borrowings by government increased from 35% to 49.8% of GDP during 1980-81 to 1990-91. Moreover, the interest payments obligations accounted for 39.1% of total fiscal deficit. Consequently, India lost its financial worthiness in the international market and, fell in a debt trap. Thus, economic reforms were needed urgently.

2. Weak BOP Situation: BOP represents the excess of total amount of exports over total amount of imports. Due to lack of competitiveness of Indian products, India was not able to earn enough foreign exchange through exports to finance our imports. The current account deficit rose from 1.35% to 3.69% of GDP during 1980-81 to 1990-91. In order to finance this huge current account deficit, Indian government borrowed a huge amount from the international market. Consequently, the external debt increased from 12% to 23% of GDP during the same period. On the other hand, Indian exports were not potent enough to earn sufficient foreign exchange to repay these external debt obligations. This BOP crisis compelled the need for the economic reforms.

3. High level of Inflation: The high fiscal deficits forced the central government to monetise the fiscal deficits by borrowings from RBI. RBI printed new money that pushed up the inflation level, thereby, making the domestic goods more expensive. The rate of inflation rose from 6.7% p.a. to 10.3% p.a. during 1980s to 1990-91. In order to lower the inflation rate, government in 1991 had to opt for the economic reforms.

4. Sick PSUs: Public Sector Undertakings were assigned the prime role of industrialisation and removal of inequality of income and poverty. But the subsequent years witnessed the failure of PSUs to perform these roles efficiently and effectively. Instead of being a revenue generator for the central government, these became liability. The sick PSUs added an extra financial burden on the government’s budget.

Thus, because of all the above reasons existing concomitantly, the economic reforms became inevitable.

• The ‘Kashmir issue’ is always seen as a major issue between India and Pakistan.
• Jammu and Kashmir comprises three social and political regions. Jammu-a mix of foothills and plains, Kashmir- heart of Kashmir region; Ladakh-mountainous region with very little population which is equally divided between Buddhists and Muslims.
• Before 1947, Jammu and Kashmir was a Princely State. The state was having majority population of Muslims but Hari Singh was a Hindu ruler of the state.
• In October 1947, Pakistan sent tribal infiltrators from its side to capture Kashmir. This forced Hari Singh to ask for Indian military help.
• Indian Army successfully drove out infiltrators from Kashmir valley and Hari Singh signed an Instrument of Accession1 with the Government of India.
• It was agreed that once the situation will be normalised, the views of the people of Jammu and Kashmir will be ascertained about their future and India agreed to maintain the autonomy of Jammu and Kashmir.

External and Internal Disputes

• Externally, Pakistan has always claimed that Kashmir valley should be part of Pakistan.
• Pakistan sponsored a tribal invasion of
  the State of 1947 and consequence of it, a part of the state came under Pakistani control.
• India claims this area under illegal occupation whereas Pakistan describes this area as ‘Azad Kashmir.’
• Internally, there is a dispute about the status of Kashmir within the Indian Union.
•  Article 370 gives greater autonomy to J&K compared to other state of India. State has its own Constitution.
• The special attention provokes two opposite reactions.
• A section of people outside J&K feels that Article 370 should therefore be revoked and J&K should be like any other state in India.
• Another section, mostly Kashmiries, believe that autonomy conferred by Article 370 is not enough.

Politics Since 1948

• Between 1953 and 1974, the Congress Party exercised a lot of influence on the politics of the state.
• National Conference remained in power with the active support of Congress for some time but later it merged with the Congress. Thus, Congress gained direct control over the government of the state.
• In 1974, Indira Gandhi reached an agreement with Sheikh Abdullah and he became the Chief Minister of the State.
• Farooq Abdullah succeeded after death of his father as Chief Minister in 1982.
• Farooq Abdullah was soon dismissed by the Governor, his dismissal due to the intervention of the centre generated a feeling of resentment in Kashmir.
• Ups and down in state politics continued till 1986 when National Conference agreed to have an
  electoral alliance with the Congress.

Insurgency and Effect

• In 1987 assembly election the National Conference-Congress alliance gained a massive victory and Farooq Abdullah returned as Chief Minister.
• By 1989, the state had come in grip of a militant movement mobilised around the cause of a separate Kashmir nation.
• Throughout the period from 1990, J&K experienced violence at the hands of the insurgents and through army action.
• In 2002 J&K experienced a fair election in which National Conference was replaced by People’s Democratic Party (PDP)-Congress coalition government.

Separatism

• Separatism surfaced in Kashmir ’rom 1989 and is made up of various strands.
• One strand of separatists wanted a separate Kashmir nation, independent of India and Pakistan.
• Jammu and Kashmir is one of th; living examples of plural society and politics.
• Despite diversities and divergence on the one hand and the continued situation of conflict on the other, the plural and secular culture of the state has remained largely intact.

Punjab

• The decade of 1980s witnessed major developments in the State of Punjab.
• Social composition of the state was changed first with partition and later-after the carving out of Haryam and Himachal Pradesh.
• The Akali Dal, which was formed in 1920 as the political wing of the Sikhs, had led the movement for the formation of a ‘Punjabi Suba.’
• Punjab had to wait till 1966 to be reorganised on linguistic lines for the creation of a Punjabi speaking state.

Political Context

• After the reorganisation, the Akalis came to power in 1967 and then in 1977.
• During the 1970s a section of Akalis began to demand political autonomy for the region. This was reflected in a resolution passed in a conference at Anandpur Sahib in 1973.

Major changes country witnessed at the time of Fourth General Elections’

(i) Two prime ministers died in quick succession.

(ii) The period was fraught with grave economic crises.

(iii) Widespread drought and decline in agricultural production.

(iv) Serious food shortage.

(v) Depletion of foreign exchange reserves.

(vi) Drop in industrial production and exports.

(vii) Sharp rise in military expenditures.

(viii) Diversion of resource from planning and economic development.

Kudumbashree is the poverty eradication and women empowerment programme implemented by the State Poverty Eradication Mission (SPEM) of the Government of Kerala. The name Kudumbashree in Malayalam language means 'prosperity of the family'.

बुद्ध का उपदेश:

(i) संसार क्षणिक  है और लगातार बदल रहा है।

(ii) यह भी सौम्य है क्योंकि इसमें कुछ भी स्थायी या शाश्वत नहीं है।

(iii) इस क्षणिक दुनिया के भीतर, दुःख मानव अस्तित्व के लिए आंतरिक है।

(iv) यह गंभीर तपस्या और आत्म-भोग के बीच संयम के मार्ग पर चलकर है कि मनुष्य इन सांसारिक परेशानियों से ऊपर उठ सकता है। बौद्ध धर्म के प्रारंभिक रूपों में, चाहे ईश्वर का अस्तित्व हो या न हो, अप्रासंगिक था।

(v) बुद्ध ने सामाजिक दुनिया को ईश्वरीय उत्पत्ति के बजाय मनुष्यों की रचना माना।c

Answer : Dr Sadao treated the American prisoner of war because as a doctor, he was trained to save lives. He could not have let the injured soldier die even though he was his natural enemy ,as that would have been against his professional ethics.

1989 में, कांग्रेस को सत्ता से बाहर रखने के लिए, वाम और भाजपा दोनों ने राष्ट्रीय मोर्चा सरकार का समर्थन किया। 1996 में, वाम दलों ने गैर-कांग्रेसी सरकार का समर्थन जारी रखा, लेकिन इस बार, कांग्रेस ने इसका समर्थन किया, क्योंकि कांग्रेस और वामपंथी दोनों ही भाजपा को सत्ता से बाहर रखना चाहते थे। इसने गठबंधन सरकारों में राजनीतिक समीकरणों की अस्थिरता को दिखाया।

In 1989, to keep Congress out of power, both Left and BJP supported the National Front Government. In 1996, the Left continued to support the non-Congress government, but this time, the Congress supported it, as both Congress and Left wanted to keep the BJP out of power. This showed the instability of the political equations in coalition governments.

Because under it, a manager tries to find out whether the work has been done according to the standards or not. It is a post- mortem of past activities to find out deviation from the standard established. In fact, the objective of controlling is to check the factors responsible for poor performance in the past, so that such mistakes r not repeated in future