Carnot engine

• A Carnot engine is named after Carnot scientist.
• It is a reversible heat engine operating between two temperatures.
• It has a maximum efficiency which no other engine can have.

Cycle of processes in a Carnot engine

Basic Function of any heat engine is it will take heat Q₁ from a hot reservoir at temperature T₁ and give heat Q₂   to a cold reservoir at temperature T₂.

• As system is absorbing heat so it is isothermal expansion. Engine absorbs heat Q₁ at temperature T₁.
• An adiabatic process takes place inside the engine because of which there is increase in the temperature of the engine from T₁ to T₂ but no flow of heat.
• As system is releasing heat so it is isothermal contraction. Engine releases heat Q₂ at temperature T₂.
• An adiabatic process takes place again which changes the temperature of the system from T₂ to T₁.
• One cycle of Carnot engine will have Isothermal expansion then adiabatic process, and then isothermal contraction followed by adiabatic process.
• This will keep on repeating.

The efficiency of Carnot engine is given by:-

η = 1 – T₂/T₁

25 जून, 1975 को भारत में आंतरिक आपातकाल की घोषणा करने वाले कारक थे:
(i) एनोसोमिक कारक: 1971 के चुनावों में, कांग्रेस ने 'गरीबी हटाओ' का नारा दिया था (गरीबी हटाओ), लेकिन वादा लागू नहीं किया गया था। 1971-72 के बाद लोगों की आर्थिक स्थिति में बहुत सुधार नहीं हुआ। खराब आर्थिक स्थिति के परिणामस्वरूप, गैर-कांग्रेसी विपक्षी दलों ने देश के विभिन्न हिस्सों में विरोध शुरू कर दिया था।

(ii) गुजरात और बिहार आंदोलन: १ ९ the४ में कांग्रेस शासित राज्यों गुजरात और बिहार में छात्रों ने ऊंची जगहों पर बढ़ती कीमतों और भ्रष्टाचार के खिलाफ आंदोलन शुरू किया। विपक्षी दल भी इन विरोध प्रदर्शनों में शामिल हो गए। इन आंदोलन के परिणामस्वरूप, गुजरात में चुनाव हुए, जहां कांग्रेस हार गई। बिहार में, आंदोलन जयप्रकाश नारायण द्वारा निर्देशित किया गया था जिन्होंने इसे देश के अन्य हिस्सों में फैलाने की कोशिश की।

(iii) न्यायपालिका के साथ संघर्ष: इस बीच न्यायमूर्ति ए.एन. की नियुक्ति के कारण कार्यपालिका और न्यायपालिका के बीच संबंध तनावपूर्ण हो गए। भारत के मुख्य न्यायाधीश के रूप में रे, तीन अन्य वरिष्ठ न्यायाधीशों की अनदेखी कर रहे हैं। 12 जून 1975 को इलाहाबाद उच्च न्यायालय ने इंदिरा गांधी के चुनाव को अवैध घोषित कर दिया। उपरोक्त घटनाओं ने एक बड़े राजनीतिक टकराव के लिए एक मंच तैयार किया जो 25 जून 1975 को रामलीला मैदान में आया था। नई देहली, जयप्रकाश नारायण ने इंदिरा गांधी के खिलाफ देशव्यापी सत्याग्रह की घोषणा की। उसी रात उसने आंतरिक आपातकाल की घोषणा की।

25 जून, 1975 को घोषित आपातकाल का भारत की पार्टी प्रणाली पर बहुत प्रभाव पड़ा। संविधान में कई बदलाव किए गए और वास्तविकता लोगों के सामने आई। परिणाम / पाठ के लिए,

आपातकाल के परिणाम थे:

मौलिक अधिकार निलंबित कर दिए गए।
न्यायपालिका की शक्ति को सीमित कर दिया गया।
प्रेस को सेंसर कर दिया गया था।
सारी शक्ति केंद्र सरकार के हाथों में केंद्रित थी।
नागरिकों की नागरिक स्वतंत्रता को छीन लिया गया।

 (I) Employment interview Having successfully cleared all the tests related to employment by the candidate, he is called for final interview. The objective is to judge the personality of the candidate, his way of talking, his conduct and temperament, his interest, presence of mind and maturity, etc.

(iI) Selection decision Applicants who clear selection tests, employment interview and reference checks are selected. Prior taking final selection decision, the opinion of concerned manager is sought.
(III)Job offer After successfully clearing, the job offer is given to the selected candidates for job. A date is mentioned in the appointment letter, from which one has to report for the duty.
(IV) Contract of employment After the acceptance of job offer by a selected candidate, he becomes an employee of the organisation. In this phase, appointee signs various documents. Main document among them is the attestation form in which the detailed description of the employee is provided, which he himself attests. This can be used at the time of need in future.

1. It does not differentiate capital and revenue expenses and incomes. This is because it shows transactions of both natures together at the same place without any showcase of difference.
2. It fails to show the transactions on an accrual basis.
3. It does not define any targets making it incapable of showing surpluses and deficits at the end of the year.
4. Receipts and payments account does not show Non-Cash transactions like depreciation of assets, pilferage etc.

• The Harappan seal is possibly the most distinctive artefact of the Harappan or Indus valley civilisation. Made of a stone called steatite, seals like this one often contain animal motifs and signs from a script that remains undeciphered.
• Seals and sealings were used to facilitate long distance communication. If the bag of goods reached with its sealing intact, it meant that it had not been tampered with. Seals also conveyed the identity of the sender.

The formula of moment inertia in terms of the radius of gyration is given as follows:

I = mk²       (1)

where I is the moment of inertia and m is the mass of the body

Accordingly, the radius of gyration is given as follows

k= √  l / m      (2)

The unit of the radius of gyration is mm. By knowing the radius of gyration, one can find the moment of inertia of any complex body equation (1)  without any hassle.

Consider a body having n number of particles each having a mass of m. Let the perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation be given by r₁, r₂, r₃,…,r_n. We know that the moment of inertia in terms of radius of gyration is given by the equation (1). Substituting the values in the equation, we get the <a href="https://byjus.com/jee/moment-of-inertia/">moment of inertia</a> of the body as follows

………… (3)

If all the particles have the same mass then equation (3) becomes

We can write mn as M which signifies the total mass of the body. Now the equation becomes

………… (4)

From equation (4), we get

From the above equation, we can infer that the radius of gyration can also be defined as the root-mean-square distance of various particles of the body from the axis of rotation.

 Students' development is hindered by 

i.  limiting education to academic boundaries.

ii.  getting out to the field.

iii.  being creative and unique.

iv. gaining practical knowledge. 

Answer:  i.  limiting education to academic boundaries.

Explanation:

In India, from an early age, we have been taught that education is limited to the boundaries of academics only; the idea of getting out into the field, for gaining practical experience, is always considered a hoax. This has hindered students’ development. But, the truth is that education represents a considerably broader field than we know of it. Our teaching, from the basics, has been focused on getting good grades and job offers, rather than being creative and unique.

Amla

Among the studied four citrus fruits namely Amla (Emblica officinalis), Mausami (Citrus sinesis), Lemon (Citrus limon) and Lime (Citrus aurantifolia) highest value of Vitamin-C content was found on Amla (178mg/100ml) followed by Mausami (52mg/100ml), Lime (42.5mg/100ml) and Lemon (38.5mg/100ml) respectively.

The kings claimed high status in ancient times by the following ways:—

1. Divine King- There were many rulers whose social origin were obscure, thus to raise their social status many like Kushanas began to portray themselves as divine. For example there is a statue of Kanishka in a temple and it is also displayed in te coins they produced. They also adopteped grandiose title like " Devaputra" or sons of god.

2. The rulers also tried to claimed higher status by deriving their revenuesfrom long distance trades. They just did not depend on agriculture but made ample use of the booming long distance trade to higher their status.

3. Some rulers like Guptas encircled themselves with the powerful samantas, the more powerful samantas were under the more higher status for the ruler. But samantas were also a kingmaker.

5. Other ways of claiming higher status were commisioning poet and other to write Prashastis about them, thus immortalising themselves through the words of poet.

Denaturation of Proteins

•   The most stable conformation of a protein at a given temperature and the pH is known as its native state.

•   The loss of biological activity of proteins when a protein in its native form, is subjected to physical change like change in temperature or chemical change like change in pH, is called denaturation of protein.

•   For example: (i) Coagulation of egg white on boiling, (ii) curdling of milk which is caused due to the formation of lactic acid by the lactobacillus bacteria present in milk.

1. मौद्रिक नीति ऐसी प्रक्रिया है, जिसकी मदद से रिजर्व बैंक अर्थव्यवस्था में पैसे की आपूर्ति को नियंत्रित करता है.

2. मौद्रिक नीति से कई मकसद साधे जाते हैं. इनमें महंगाई पर अंकुश, कीमतों में स्थिरता और टिकाऊ आर्थिक विकास दर का लक्ष्य हासिल करना शामिल है. रोजगार के अवसर तैयार करना भी इसके उद्देश्यों में से एक है.

3. अर्थव्यवस्था में पैसे की आपूर्ति पर बैंकों के कैश रिजर्व रेशियो या ओपन मार्केट .