It is our backbone which extends in the mid axis of the back (posterior) part of our trunk from head to the lower (inferior) extremity of trunk. Together with the sternum and rib, it forms the supporting frame work of our trunk. It support and rotate the head, suspends the viscera, protect vital organs, provides attachment to limb girdles, facilitates some movement of the trunk and houses the spinal cord. Vertebral column make two-fifth of total weight of body. The length of human vertebral column is 71 cm. (28 Inc.) in adult male and about. 61 cm (24 m) in an average adult female.

Scarcity: Refers to limited supply of resources in the economy in relation to demand, this is due to the unlimited wants of human beings.
 

The curve depicts the law of demand. It slopes downward to the right. It has a negative slope. The negative slope of the demand curve shows the inverse relationship between the price of commodity and its quantity demanded. It shows that demand for commodity increases with the decrease in its price and it decreases with the rise in its price. Downward movement on the demand curve shows fall in price and rise in demand .

The narrator’s uncle was considered to be a crazy man. Actually, he was the natural descendant of the crazy streak in the family. He was a huge and powerful man. He had a big strong head with black hair. He was a man of furious nature. He was short tempered and of irritable nature. He would not let anybody talk before him. He would stop him shouting. “It is no harm ; pay no attention to it.”

Partnership is considered by some to be relatively unpopular form of business ownership because: 

1. Uncertainty of duration: A partnership suffers from a possible limited span of life. Legally, a partnership firm must be dissolved on the retirement, death, bankruptcy, or lunacy of any partner or demanded by any partner. The probability of any one of these events occurring when the number of partners is much greater than in the case of a sole proprietor. 

2. Risks of additional liability: It is true that like the sole proprietor, each partner has unlimited liability. But his liability may arise not only from his own acts but also from the acts and mistakes of co-partners over whom he has no control. 

3. Lack of harmony: The old saying that “too many cooks spoil the broth” can be apt for a business partnership. Harmony may be difficult to achieve, especially when there are many partners. Lack of centralized authority and conflicts in policy can disrupt the organization. 

4. Difficulty in withdrawing investment: Investment in a partnership can be simple, but its withdrawal may be difficult or costly when this aspect is considered from the point of view of individual partners. This is so because no partner can withdraw his interest from the firm without the consent of all partners. 

5. Lack of public confidence: A partnership may suffer from lack of public confidence 

6. Lack of public confidence: A partnership may suffer from lack of public confidence because, like that of a company there is no legal mechanism to enforce the registration of a partnership firm and the disclosure of its affairs. 

7. Limited resources: A partnership is good as it can be started with limited capital. However, it becomes a handicap in the growth and expansion phases of the business. There is a limit beyond which it is almost impossible for partners to collect capital. This limit is generally up to the personal properties of the partners.

8. Unlimited liability: Unlimited liability discourages partners to undertake risky ventures, and therefore, their risk-taking initiative is very risky.

The units which are independent of each other are known as Fundamental Units. Derived Units are derived from Fundamental Units. For example, meter is a fundamental unit of length and second is a fundamental unit of time. However, meter per second (ms^-1) is a derived unit of velocity. There are seven fundamental units as given in the below table:

In ancient Rome, provinces were generally governed by politicians of senatorial rank, usually former consuls. A later exception was the province of Egypt, incorporated by Augustus. After the death of Cleopatra it was ruled by a governor of equestrian rank only, perhaps as a discouragement to senatorial ambition as Egypt was considered Augustus’s personal property, following the tradition of earlier, hellenistic kings.

The territory of people who were defeated in war might be brought under various forms of treaty, in some cases entailing complete subjection. The formal annexation of a territory created a “province” in the modern sense of an administrative unit that was geographically defined. Republican provinces were administered in one-year term by the consuls and praetors who had held office the previous year.

Rome started expanding beyond Italy during the First Punic War. The first permanent provinces to be annexed were Sicily in 241 BC and Sardinia in 237 BC. Military expansionism kept increasing the number of these administrative provinces, until there were no longer enough qualified individuals to fill the posts.
The terms of provincial governors often had to be extended for multiple years, and on occasion the Senate awarded imperium even to private citizens, most notably Pompey The Great. Prorogation undermined the republican constitutional principle of annual elected magistracies, and the amassing of disproportionate wealth and military power by a few men through their provincial commands was a major factor in the transition from a republic to imperial autocracy.

Latest CBSE Class 11 Syllabus 2020-21 is available here for download in PDF format. The new CBSE Syllabus 2020 for Class 11 contain complete details about topics, course structure, exam pattern etc.

CBSE Syllabus for Class 11: 2020 - 2021 (Reduced & Revised)

 <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1vLjm1f1aVedUxd20nxV80Pk394dcRYdK/view?usp=sharing" rel="nofollow">CBSE Class 11 Computer Science Syllabus (Reduced) 2020-21 (Released on 7th July) </a>

An aster is a cellular structure shaped like a star, consisting of a centrosome and its associated microtubules during the early stages of mitosis in an animal cell. Asters do not form during mitosis in plants. It is A star-shaped structure formed in the cytoplasm of an animal cell during mitosis, having raylike microtubules that surround the centrosome.

Common Fundamental characteristics are considered for the purpose of classification of animals.

If we consider specific characteristics, then each organism will be placed in a separate group and the entire objective of classification would not be achieved.

Classification of animals is also important in comparing different organisms and judging their individual evolutionary significance. If only a single characteristic is considered, then this objective would not be achieved.

When the narrator (Aram) looked out of the window he saw his cousin Mourad sitting on a magnificent white horse.

He couldn't believe his eyes as he was extremely shocked and confused to see the horse there. He knew that they could not afford the horse as they belonged to the poor Garoghlanian tribe.

Growth is defined as inversible increase in the number of cells or mass of living structure. If we consider increase in body mass at growth, non living objects like sand mounts grow too. Hence growth cannot be taken as a defining property if living organisms. Though it is a characteristics of living organisms . In case of non - living growth is external but in case of living growth is internal.

Reproduction :- Unicellular organisms reproduce by cell division. In multicellular organisms reproduction mostly refers to sexual reproduction and some of them reproduce asexually also. Reproduction cannot be considered an inclusive defining characteristics of living organisms of the following.
In single celled organism growth and reproduction are synonym as increased in no. of cells is considered as growth as well reproduction. Organisms like mule and liger can't reproduce fertile offspring.