In the story “The Portrait of a Lady” the author draws a very beautiful portrait of his grandmother. He spent his childhood with his grandmother in a village. She was not adapted to the modern lifestyles. She was her grandson’s bosom friend. The author says that she was like any other grandmother –old, short, fat, white haired, with wrinkled skin, back stooped with age, loving, caring and above all deeply spiritual. He heard people saying that she was very beautiful in her younger days. However, she was all same from the time he has seen her. She used to walk around the house putting one hand in her back and counting the beads in her rosary in the other. The author said that his dead grandfather’s look did not match his grandmother’s beauty. The author’s grandmother was a strong-willed woman. She not only took care of herself but also her grandson. She used to take him to school, which was attached to a temple. While the author was attending his class, she used to read books in the temple. She helped him in his studies also. She was disposed towards charity. She not only fed animals and birds, but she also loved them. Other than his grandson, they were her company. She did not love music as she considered it was for harlots and beggars. She was a lady of less words and more work. 

A homologous series is defined as a family or group of structurally similar organic compounds all the members of which contain the same functional group, Show a gradation in physical and similarity in chemical properties and any two adjacent members of which differ by a -CH₂ group. The individual members of such a series are called homologues and the phenomena is called homology.

Alkanes constitute a homologous series.

CH₄ Methane

C₂H₆ Ethane

C₃H₈ Propane

C₄H₁₀ Butane

Wing A, Flat 3,

Belvedere Estate,

Alipore,

Kolkata – 700 027

December 4, 2010.

The Deputy Commissioner,

Kolkata Police (Traffic),

18, Lalbazar Street,

Kolkata – 700 001.

Subject: Chaotic traffic in the area

Respected Sir,

This letter intends to bring to your kind attention the unimaginable harassment that the people are facing around my school, due to the growing instances of traffic jams. We know that the number of vehicles on the roads is on the rise and that there is no proportional increase in the number of roads. So, traffic jams are bound to happen. But I do not intend to disturb you with things that do not have an immediate solution.

It stretches one’s tolerance to the ultimate limit when a difficult situation is aggravated due to the irresponsible behaviour of a few rogue drivers. The Buses and autos on this busy road show an appalling disregard for any kind of traffic law. Buses stopping here and there, autos coming and going through and into every corner and side of the traffic imaginable, drivers getting into an ugly argument on the middle of the road etc., cause havoc for the daily commuter. Also, it's a school zone, so it is even more dangerous for us students who walk in this area.

Auto drivers are presumably above the law for no police officer seems to have the courage of taking them to task because of their strong union. Please do not mind my mentioning the passivity of the police officers posted in the area. Some of the leading newspapers in the area yesterday published photographs of a police officer and a constable smoking (despite the Supreme Court ban) on the Alipore Road even while the traffic was in the doldrums. Need I say more?

It seems that the concerned officers respond to the call of duty only when some minister is using a particular road. I hope you do not construe my helplessness as rudeness.

The most difficult hours during the day are in the morning, when we go to school, and in the evening, when we are returning back home. There are a total of four schools in my area, and this makes the traffic even worse. This is due to the private vehicles that are used to drop us and pick us up from school. I suggest that measures are taken to create an awareness against the usage of private vehicles. Personally, I walk up to school because I live only five minutes away, but, the roads are more dangerous for us pedestrians as there are drivers who try to ride their scooters from every possible space available on the road as well as footpath.

I suggest that a diversion be created along the road that leads to the school, this would make the road a bit safer to walk on. I also suggest that a traffic inspector is assigned to manage the traffic, as the absence of one creates a complete chaos every day on the road.

We have faith in the Police Department and fully understand that there are some dedicated officers who are working day and night to ensure our safety in every sphere. With all due respect to them, I believe that the Police Department needs to pull up its socks to combat the menace of nuisance drivers who aggravate the problem of traffic jams in our city.

Thanking you in anticipation,

Yours sincerely,

Name

Secondary or intermediate host - An organism in or on which a parasite develops to an adult but not sexually mature stage.

It is an organism that harbors the sexually immature parasite and is required by the parasite to undergo development and complete its life cycle.

This type of regeneration has little growth and depends upon tissues repatterning. For eg., Hydra grows by loss of cells from its end and by budding. When cut into two, the upper part develops into foot while the lower part develops into the head. The formation of nearby heads is inhibited by the head region.

Answer: Metagenesis is the phenomenon in which one generation of certain plants and animals reproduce asexually, followed by the sexually reproducing generation. ... Coelenterates exhibits metagenesis (e.g., Obelia) where polyp form alternates with medusa in its life cycle.

The nervous system has two main parts: The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system is made up of nerves that branch off from the spinal cord and extend to all parts of the body. The diffuse nervous system is the most primitive nervous system. In diffuse systems nerve cells are distributed throughout the organism, usually beneath the outer epidermal layer.

August 15, 1947

The Indian Independence Bill, which carves the independent nations of India and Pakistan out of the former Mogul Empire, comes into force at the stroke of midnight on August 15, 1947.

Adding of any provision or changing any provision of the Constitution is referred to as the Constitutional amendment. 

The members of the Constituent Assembly who drafted the Constitution of India did not want it to remain rigid and static. They wanted a Constitution which can reflect changes in the society. The framers wanted the Constitution to be in accordance with the people’s aspirations and changes in society. As a result, they framed a Constitution, whose provisions can be changed keeping in mind the changes occurring in the society.

The Directive Principles constitute a very comprehensive social, economic and political programme for a modern and welfare state. These principles emphasises that the State shall try to promote welfare of people by providing them basic facilities like shelter, food and clothing. Unlike Fundamental Rights, the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) are non- binding in nature which means they are not enforceable by the courts for their violation. However, the Constitution itself declares that ‘these principles are fundamental in the governance of the country and it shall be the duly of the state to apply these principles in making laws’. Hence, they impose a moral obligation on the state authorities for their implementation.

‘Fundamental Rights’ :
A certain freedoms which are essential for personal and common hood, guaranteed under the India Constitution and have been incorporated in the Fundamental Law of the Land and can be enforced by the Courts are known as ‘Fundamental Right’.

Fundamental duties:

42nd Amendment Act of 1976 added 10 Fundamental Duties to the Indian Constitution. 86th Amendment Act 2002 later added 11th Fundamental Duty to the list. Swaran Singh Committee in 1976 recommended Fundamental Duties, the necessity of which was felt during the internal emergency of 1975-77.

The Fundamental Duties are dealt with Article 51A under Part-IV A of the Indian Constitution. 

Mahatma Gandhi was not a part of the constituent assembly, but his ideas on an eliminating inequality were spelt out in his magazine – the Young Indian as early as 1931.

A Preamble shows what the Constitution aims at and is the introductory part of the Constitution. The Constitution of India is a living document that undergoes amendments. The Preamble begins with ‘We, the People of India…… signifies power is vested in the hands of the people.

The Preamble to the Indian Constitution lays emphasis on the ideals of Sovereignty, Socialism, Secularism and Democratic Republic.

• Sovereign: A nation when it is free in its internal matters from any foreign interference and its external policies are guided by its own interests.
• Socialist: This emphasizes the equitable distribution of national income to all sections of people.
• Secular: This means all religions have equal respect.
• Democratic: People have the right to elect their representatives.
• Republic: The head of the state is an elected person with no hereditary right.

Species:. The term 'Species' is used to describe the group of organisms that can produce fertile offsprings. Human species are differentiated from each other on the basis of the structure of their bones.

Hominid :

Hominoids have a larger body.

They do not have tails like monkeys.

 There is a longer period of development and dependency amongst Hominoids.

The Regional Continuity model of human origin asserts that modern Homo sapiens developed from different regional populations of archaic Homo sapiens that had previously evolved from regional populations of Homo erectus.

The replacement model asserts that there was a single origin of Homo sapiens in Africa and that these anatomically modern humans migrated out from Africa and replaced all other lesser-evolved humans throughout Europe and Asia.

Positive feedback is a process that occurs in a feedback loop in which the effects of a small disturbance on a system include an increase in the magnitude of the perturbation. ... Mathematically, positive feedback is defined as a positive loop gain around a closed loop of cause and effect.

Boundaries of Roman Empire

• The ancient Roman empire which was spread across the three continents namely – Europe, Asia and Africa.
• To the North, the boundaries of the empire were formed by two great rivers – the Rhine and the Danube.
• To the South, by the huge expanse of desert called the Sahara.
• To the East river Euphrates and to the West Atlantic Ocean.
• This vast stretch of territory was the Roman Empire. That is why Roman Empire is called an Empire across Three Continents.
• The Mediterranean Sea is called the heart of Rome’s empire.

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<a href="https://mycbseguide.com/blog/empire-across-three-continents-class-11-notes-history/#:~:text=The%20ancient%20Roman%20empire%20which,the%20Rhine%20and%20the%20Danube.&text=That%20is%20why%20Roman%20Empire%20is%20called%20an%20Empire%20across%20Three%20Continents.">https://mycbseguide.com/blog/empire-across-three-continents-class-11-notes-history/#:~:text=The%20ancient%20Roman%20empire%20which,the%20Rhine%20and%20the%20Danube.&text=That%20is%20why%20Roman%20Empire%20is%20called%20an%20Empire%20across%20Three%20Continents.</a>