The author undertook the sea journey to duplicate round-the-world-voyage undertaken by Captain James Cook 200 years ago. The narrator and his wife had great interest in seafaring. To complete the journey successfully, the narrator and his wife practiced and honed their sailing skills for 16 years in the rough British waters. The author had got a special boat, Wavewalker built for this purpose.

Sources: There is a rich collection of sources to study Roman history, like – texts, documents and material remains. 

1. Archaeological : a) Amphitheater, b) Amphorae, c) Colosseum, d) Statues, e) Aqueducts

2. (Literary) Written : (A) Texts –  Histories written by Contemporary Historians (B) Documents

3. Aerial Photographs

Physical geography includes study of Lithosphere, Atmosphere, Hydrosphere & Biosphere- each element is very important for human beings.
Landforms provide base for agriculture, industries, transport and communication, and settlements. Mountains provide water to rivers, forests-center for tourist spots.
Climate influences on the cropping pattern, livestock, food and clothes of the people.
limate and precipitation influence the type of forests. Oceans provide food, water transport, and influence the climate; they are the source of hydrological cycle.
(i) Geomorphology is devoted to the study of land forms, their evolution and related processes.
(ii) Climatology encompasses the study of structure of atmosphere and elements of weather and climates and climatic types and regions.
(iii) Hydrology studies the realm of water over the surface of the earth including oceans, lakes, rivers and other water bodies and its effect on different life forms including human life and their activities.
(iv) Soil Geography is devoted to study the processes of soil formation, soil types, their fertility status, distribution and use

Khushwant Singh’s grandmother was closely involved in bringing him up when the author lived with her in the village during his early life. She used to wake him up early in the morning. While bathing and dressing him, she sang her prayers, she hoped that the young boy would learn it by heart. She then gave him breakfast – a stale chapatti with butter and sugar. Then they would go together to the temple and school. While the author learnt his lesson, the grandmother would holy books. They returned home together.

A turning point came in their friendship when his parents called them to city. Although they shared a room, she could not help him much. She hated music, science and western education. The common link of their friendship was gradually snapped.

According to C.L. Brownell, “Physical Education is the accumulation of whole some experience through participation in large muscle activities that promote optimum growth and development.”

Khushwant Singh’s grandmother was closely involved in bringing him up when the author lived with her in the village during his early life. She used to wake him up early in the morning. While bathing and dressing him, she sang her prayers, she hoped that the young boy would learn it by heart. She then gave him breakfast – a stale chapatti with butter and sugar. Then they would go together to the temple and school. While the author learnt his lesson, the grandmother would holy books. They returned home together.

A turning point came in their friendship when his parents called them to city. Although they shared a room, she could not help him much. She hated music, science and western education. The common link of their friendship was gradually snapped.

Mrs. Dorling is that individual who takes away all of narrator mother's belongings for safekeeping before the war strikes out. She is an impolite and a very selfish woman who doesn't recognize the narrator when the narrator comes for retrieving the things given to her before the war. She refuses to recognize the identity of the narrator and doesn't let the narrator to enter her house. She pretends to not recognize her, even though she does in reality. Her behaviour isn't justified since she breaks the trust of the narrator of her being good and kind. She is selfish and wishes to not return the articles once taken at all.

The SI unit of stress is Newton per square meter. Or we can express the same in terms of Pascal.
1 Pascal = 1 Pa = 1 N.m-2.
While there is no unit for strain. It is a dimensionless quantity. This is because it is the ratio of change of length to the original length, and therefore it is unitless.

Shirley Toulson’s poem ‘A Photograph’ is a tribute to her mother. The poem describes three stages in the passage of time. In the first stage, the photograph shows the poet’s mother standing at the beach enjoying her holiday with her two girl cousins. She was around 12 years old at that time. The second stage takes us twenty or thirty years later. The mother would laugh at the way she and her cousins were dressed up for the beach holiday. In the third stage, the poet remembers the dead mother with a heavy heart. The photograph revives a nostalgic feeling in the poet.

A n s w e r :
G 1 phase ( Gap 1 ) : During this phase, the cell is metabolically active and continuously grows and prepares its D N A for r e p lication .

National Testing Agency announced NEET 2020 Exam Pattern in its official information brochure published in December. The exam pattern for NEET 2020 is the same as in previous years’. The entrance exam comprises 180 multiple choice questions divided among Physics, Chemistry and Biology.

For details click on the following link:

<a href="https://collegedunia.com/exams/neet/exam-pattern">https://collegedunia.com/exams/neet/exam-pattern</a>

The royal capital of Mari flourished after 2000 BCE. Mari is situated much further upstream on the Euphrates; rather than on the fertile southern plain. Some communities in the kingdom of Mari had both farmers and pastoralists. Most of its territory was used for pasturing sheep and goats. Exchange of materials was the norm between herders and farmers. But access or denial of access to water resources often led to conflict between herders and farmers. Nomadic communities of the western desert often came to the prosperous agricultural heartland. Some of them also worked as harvest laborers or hired soldiers. Some of them became prosperous and settled down. A few gained power to establish their own rule. Akkadians, Amorites, Assyrians and Aramaeans were examples of such herders.

Human activities can be classified as Economic and Non-Economic Activities.

• An economic activity involves the production, distribution and consumption of all goods and services.
• A non economic activity in done with no intention of earning a profit or any money.

Fiscal system” may be defined as the apparatus or bureaucracy installed by a state or a ruler in order to take in revenue in the form of taxes, dues, and so on, and also the apparatus designed to control expenditures. Such a system can be studied in at least three aspects: First, its relationship to the ruler or the government; second, its relationship to those groups in the population who serve as sources of revenue (“taxpayers”); and third, the policies it develops in its own interests. The first aspect concentrates on the task the fiscal administration is assigned: raising sufficient revenue to cover expected expenses (or to limit expenses according to income). The focus in this case is on the central administration where political decisions are made and where the final accounting takes place. The second aspect concentrates on the practical process of raising revenue. Thus, the focus should be on the provinces and on the face-to-face contact between fiscal agents and the “taxpayers.” The third aspect concentrates on the fiscal administration itself, the social background of the fiscal agents, and the good or bad functioning of the apparatus viewed as a social organism in its own right. It is the first aspect that has dominated research; in this article, an additional focus will be given to the “provincial” aspect.

Steps taken by Akbar to improve agriculture:

• Acceptance and following of the Todar Mai’s measures by which he ordered periodic survey of all the cultivable land in his empire.
• Abolition of Jagirs who created problem in the surveyed land.
• Implementation of zfibti system in 1582.  
• He assessed the crops in search of best crops and offered and appreciated the farmer with wealth who comes up with best crop of the year.

Islamic taxes are taxes sanctioned by Islamic law.

Islamic taxes include:

i. zakat - one of the five pillars of Islam. Only imposed on Muslims, it is generally described as a 2.5% tax on savings to be donated to the Muslim poor and needy. It was a tax collected by the Islamic state.
ii. jizya - a per capita yearly tax historically levied by Islamic states on certain non-Muslim subjects—dhimmis—permanently residing in Muslim lands under Islamic law, the tax excluded the poor, women, children and the elderly.
iii. kharaj - a land tax initially imposed only on non-Muslims but soon after mandated for Muslims as well.
iv. ushr - a 10% tax on the harvests of irrigated land and 10% tax on harvest from rain-watered land and 5% on Land dependent on well water. The term has also been used for a 10% tax on merchandise imported from states that taxed the Muslims on their products. Caliph `Umar ibn Al-Khattāb was the first Muslim ruler to levy ushr