Merits of the medieval monasteries:

• Medieval monasteries were the only centers of learning during the medieval period.
• The monks who resided in the monasteries initially led to a very pious life and also served the people.

Demerits of the medieval monasteries:

• Soon the monasteries began to acquire land and amass wealth. Within no time, they became a seat of exploitation rather than of service.
• The monks led a pious life in the beginning but with passage of time, they led a scandalous life.

Two features of early feudal society:

• Early feudal society in France was based on the relationship of lord and peasants. The peasants had to offer labor in the service of their lords.
• The lord enjoyed special status. His order was supreme. Nobody could deny his order.

The causes are: 
1. The crusades forced the Christians to travel in foreign lands where they came to know of many new objects of comfort and luxury. The demand for new objects gave a great impetus to trade and industry and let to the rise of towns.
2. The emergence of feudalism was accompanied by the decline of trade and towns but with the gradual decline of feudalism, particularly from the 11th century onward, once again to rise trade and towns.
3. The Rise of the Middle Class towards the end of the Middle Ages also led to the emergence of towns. The economic prosperity of this class helped in the developed of towns.
4. The contact between the East and West encouraged trade and commerce which ultimately led to the establishment of various arts and crafts at different centres. These centres slowly became towns.

Taille and tithes were taxes paid in France at the time when the French Revolution.

Taille was a direct tax paid to the government

These lines mean that when the poet’s mother looked at the photograph she remembered her childhood and she used to laugh looking at it because of the way she and her cousins were dressed in the photograph and also due to remembering her memories. Now, since the mother is no more her laughter is a thing of the past for the poet.

terribly transient feet - In this phrase, the word feet is used to describe the human beings. Transient means short living. This phrase means that human life is not permanent but temporary. The human beings have to die one or the other day but the sea is permanent . It is still going to be their after our death. Synecdoche is used here. In this a small part is used to describe the whole thing . As in this , 'feet' is used to describe the whole human beings and not only their feet.

Business means dealing with risks. Risks can cause lower profit, no profit and even loss. Therefore, the start of a business needs careful planning to ensure success and longevity. Important factors for consideration for starting a business are as follows:
1. Selection of line of business: The first thing to be decided by any entrepreneur of a new business is the nature and type of business to be undertaken. He will obviously like to enter that branch of industry and commerce, which has the possibility of greater amount of profit. The decision will also be influenced by the customers' requirement in the market and also the kind of technical knowledge and interest the entrepreneur has for producing a particular product.

2. Size of the firm: Size of the firm or scale of its operation is another important decision to be taken at the start of the business. Some factors favour the large size whereas others tend to restrict the scale of operation. If the entrepreneur is confident that the demand of the proposed product is likely to be good over time and he can arrange the necessary capital for business, he will start the operation on a large scale. If the market conditions are uncertain and risks are high, a small size business would be a better choice.

3. Choice of form of ownership: In relation of ownership, the business origination may take the form of a sole proprietorship, partnership, or a joint stock company. Each form has its own merits and demerits. The choice of the suitable form of ownership will depend on such factors as the line of business, capital requirements, liability of ownership, division of profit, legal formalities, continuity of business, transferability of interest and so on.

4. Location of business enterprise: An important factor to be considered at the start of the business is the place where the enterprise will be located. Availability of raw materials and labour, power supply and services like banking, transportation, communication, warehousing etc. are important factors while making this choice.

Instantaneous velocity describes how fast an object is moving at different instants of time in a given time interval. It is also defined as average velocity for an infinitely small time interval.

Here lim is taking operation of taking limit with time tending towards 0 or infinitely small.

dx/dt is differential coefficient – Rate of change of position with respect to time at an instant.

Boundaries of Roman Empire

• The ancient Roman empire which was spread across the three continents namely – Europe, Asia and Africa.
• To the North, the boundaries of the empire were formed by two great rivers – the Rhine and the Danube.
• To the South, by the huge expanse of desert called the Sahara.
• To the East river Euphrates and to the West Atlantic Ocean.

• The Roman Empire can broadly be divided into two phases, ‘early’ and‘late’, divided by the third century as a sort of historical watershed between them.
• In other words, the whole period from the beginning of Roman Empire to the main part of the third century can be called the ‘early empire’, and the period from the third century to the end called the ‘late empire’ or ‘late antiquity’.

• Theophrastus is known as the father of Botany.
• Aristotle is known as the father of biology and zoology.

Sterilization can be achieved by a combination of heat, chemicals, irradiation, high pressure and filtration like steam under pressure, dry heat, ultraviolet radiation, gas vapor sterilants, chlorine dioxide gas etc. Sterilization techniques include all the means used to completely eliminate or destroy living microorganisms on any object, including tools used to test or treat patients. Sterilization can be achieved through various means, including heat, chemicals, irradiation, high pressure, and filtration. Sterilization is distinct from disinfection, sanitization, and pasteurization, in that those methods reduce rather than eliminate all forms of life and biological agents present.

Jurisdiction, in law, the authority of a court to hear and determine cases. This authority is constitutionally based.  A court's power to hear and decide a case before any appellate review. A trial court must necessarily have original jurisdiction over the types of cases it hears. There are four main types of jurisdiction (arranged from greatest Air Force authority to least): (1) exclusive federal jurisdiction; (2) concurrent federal jurisdic- tion; (3) partial federal jurisdiction; and (4) proprietary jurisdiction. Depending on your installation, more than one type of jurisdiction may apply.

 Egypt is a place where 'the rich are few and have much, the poor are many and have little. ' Forty percent of the population lives in abject poverty, subsisting on less than $2 a day. A person's social class is difficult to determine. It depends on many factors, including occupation, sources of income, marketable abilities, access to consumer good and services, and membership in status groups and political parties. A person's social class has a significant impact on their physical health, their ability to receive adequate medical care and nutrition, and their life expectancy. ... Additionally, people with low SES tend to experience a much higher rate of health issues than those of high SES.