To calculate % gornic character we consider 100 % iconic bond.

μ=Q×d

=(1.60×10⁻¹⁹C)×0.83×10⁻¹⁰m×(1D/ 3.336×10−30​)

% gonic character =1.82/3.980 ​×100

=45.70%

% covalent character = (100-% ginoc character)

=54.3%

 C. Goldfinch

The goldfinch’s movement is compared to that of the lizard because she was abrupt, sleek and alert. The same movements were observed when she arrived at the tree and moved to the thickness side of the branch to feed her young ones.

The narrator takes us a few years forward where Ranga and Ratna are happily married, had a three year old son and Ratna was eight months pregnant.Ranga’s sister had come over to help them. It was Shyama’s birthday! Yes, the couple named their son after the narrator as it is a common foreign tradition to name your child after someone you truly admire. When the narrator went there for dinner, Shyama came running to him only to show his love by holding his leg. The narrator kissed him and gave him a ring.

Prophase is the first phase of mitosis, the process that separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells. During prophase, the complex of DNA and proteins contained in the nucleus, known as chromatin, condenses. During prophase I, the homologous chromosomes condense and become visible as the x shape we know, pair up to form a tetrad, and exchange genetic material by crossing over. During prometaphase I, microtubules attach at the chromosomes' kinetochores and the nuclear envelope breaks down.

Metaphase is a stage of the cell cycle occurring in both mitosis and meiosis cell division processes. During metaphase in mitosis and meiosis, the chromosomes condense and they become visible and distinguishable during alignment at the center of the dividing cell, to form a metaphase plate at the center of the cell. In metaphase, chromosomes are lined up and each sister chromatid is attached to a spindle fiber. In anaphase, sister chromatids (now called chromosomes) are pulled toward opposite poles. In telophase, chromosomes arrive at opposite poles, and nuclear envelope material surrounds each set of chromosomes.

The synaptonemal complex (SC) is a protein structure that forms between homologous chromosomes (two pairs of sister chromatids) during meiosis and is thought to mediate synapsis and recombination during meiosis I in eukaryotes. Prophase 1 of Meiosis is the first stage of meiosis and is defined by five different phases; Leptotene, Zygotene, Pachytene, Diplotene and Diakinesis.

Prophase immediately follows S and G2 phase of the cycle and is marked by condensation of the genetic material to form compact mitotic chromosomes composed of two chromatids attached at the centromere.

The completion of prophase is characterised by the initiation of the assembly of the mitotic spindle, the microtubules, and the proteinaceous components of cytoplasm that help in the process.

The nuclear envelope starts disintegrating.

meiosis 1 Prophase 1

(1) Leptotene – The chromosomes begin to condense and attain a compact structure during leptotene.

(2) Zygotene – In zygotene, the pairing of homologous chromosomes starts a process known as chromosomal synapsis, accompanied by the formation of a complex structure called synaptonemal complex. A pair of synapsed homologous chromosome forms a complex known as bivalent or tetrad.

(3) Pachytene – At pachytene stage, crossing over of non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes occurs at the recombination nodules. The chromosomes remain linked at the sites of crossing over.

(4) Diplotene – Diplotene marks the dissolution of the synaptonemal complex and separation of the homologous chromosomes of the bivalents except at the sites of cross-over. The X-shaped structures formed during separation are known as chiasmata.

(5) Diakinesis – Diakinesis is marked by the termination of chiasmata and assembly of the meiotic spindle to separate the homologous chromosomes. The nucleolus disappears and the nuclear envelope breaks down.

Zygotene

The zygotene stage, otherwise called zygonema, from Greek words signifying "matched threads", happens as the chromosomes approximately line up with one another into homologous chromosome pairs. In some organisms, this is known as the bouquet stage as a result of the manner in which the telomeres bouquet toward one side of the core. At this stage, the synapsis of homologous chromosomes happens, encouraged by gathering of the central component of the synaptonemal complex. Pairing is achieved in a zipper-like style and may begin at the centromere (pro-centric), at the chromosome ends (terminal), or at some other portion. Individuals of a pair are equivalent long and in the position of the centromere. Therefore, pairing is very specific and definite. The paired chromosomes are known as bivalent or quadruplicate chromosomes.

Pachytene

The pachytene stage, otherwise called pachynema, from Greek words signifying "thick threads". At this point, a quadruplicate of the chromosomes has framed known as a bivalent. This is the phase when homologous recombination, including chromosomal hybrid (traverse), happens. At this stage, the Non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes may exchange segments over regions of homology. 

Anaphase I

Kinetochore microtubules become short, pulling homologous chromosomes (which comprise of a couple of sister chromatids) to opposite poles. Nonkinetochore microtubules extend, pushing the centrosomes separated apart. The cell stretches for division down the center. Unlike in mitosis, just the cohesin from the chromosome arms is degraded while the cohesin encompassing the centromere stays secured. This enables the sister chromatids to stay together while homologs are segregated.

he mitotic apparatus consists of centrioles with the centre-spheres surrounding them, a cell division spindle with a system of microtubules, and an intermediate substance. Depending on the degree of development of astral rays around the centre-sphere, the mitotic apparatus is classified as astral (characteristic of most animal cells) or anastral (characteristic of plant cells). The mitotic apparatus is formed from macromolecules present in the interphase cell and from material synthesized before division. Its main components are ribonucleoproteins (about 90 percent proteins and 6 percent ribonucleic acid [RNA]). It also contains polysaccharides, lipids, and adenosine triphosphatase.

• Genetic stability- Mitosis helps in the splitting of chromosomes during cell division and generates two new daughter cells. Therefore the chromosomes form from the parent chromosomes by copying the exact DNA.  Therefore, the daughter cells formed as genetically uniform and identical to the parent as well as to each other. Thus mitosis helps in preserving and maintaining the genetic stability of a particular population.
• Growth- Mitosis help in increasing the number of cells in a living organism thereby playing a significant role in the growth of a living organism.

It is a protein complex, visible with the electron microscope, that is the physical basis of the pairing of homologous chromosomes (synapsis) during meiosis. It assembled during zygotene as homologous chromosomes pair up, and it is disassembled during diplotene as homologous chromosomes separate.

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Elsa was Einstein's cousin who used to live in Berlin where her father had his business. She believed that one must learn just enough to pass exams. She observes that one does not have to know anything or understand what is being taught but just be able to repeat it in the exams. To learn to repeat things like a parrot and reproduce it in the exam hall. Elsa does not read anything other than what is prescribed in her school,she has no thirst for knowledge and will not study anything that is not required as per her coursework. She advised Einstein to do the same and just get his diploma because kids dumber than him would get it easily without putting in any effort.

S phase – It is the stage during which DNA synthesis occurs. In this phase, the amount of DNA (per cell) doubles, but the chromosome number remains the same.

G2​ phase – In this phase, the cell continues to grow and prepares itself for the division. The proteins and RNA required for mitosis are synthesised during this stage.

Einstein got into an argument with his history teacher. He was extremely honest about what he thought about various study subjects. He told the history teacher point blank that he did not see any advantage in learning dates. If one needed to know, dates could always be found in books.

It was not just dates, but he found no advantage even in learning facts. He did not think learning facts was education at all. He felt it would be more important to know the reasons behind the facts, for example, why battles were fought. His history teacher sarcastically called his views as Einstein’s theory of education.

Einstein’s chief objection against learning history was that there was no point in learning dates arid facts. They could easily be looked up in the books. It would be more useful to learn the reasons behind the facts.