Users may be categorised into internal users and external users.

(A) Internal Users

• Owners: Owners contribute capital in the business and thus they are exposed to maximum risk. So, they are always interested in the safety of their capital.
• Management: Accounting information is used by management for taking various decisions.
• Employees: Employees are interested in the financial statements to assess the ability of the business to pay higher wages and bonus.

(B) External Users

• Banks and financial institutions: Banks and Financial Institutions provide loans to business. So, they are interested in financial information to ensure the safety and recovery of the loan.
• Investors: Investors are interested to know the earning capacity of business and safety of the investment.
• Creditors: Creditors provide the goods on credit. So they need accounting information to ascertain the financial soundness of the firm.
• Government: The government needs accounting information to assess the tax liability of the business entity.
• Researchers: Researchers use accounting information in their research work.
• Consumers: They require accounting information for establishing good accounting control, which will reduce the cost of production.

Microeconomics is a branch of Economics that contemplate the attributes of decision makers within the economy, such as households, individuals and enterprises. The term ‘firm’ is generally used to refer to all sorts of business activities. Microeconomics differ from the study of Macroeconomics, which considers the economy as an entity.

Systems of Government in ancient Greek and Rome:

Ancient Greek and Rome had their federal structure of Government. Later on, they also had Monarchy and Kingship. The Greeks were successful in their democratic city states. The idea of republicanism was developed by the Romans. There the royal persons used to call themselves as the servants of the people.

The difference between the systems of Greek and Rome and ancient China and ancient Iran.

In ancient China and Iran there was no democratic and republican system of Government as in Greek and Rome. China and Iran were ruled by the kings, therefore there was the Monarchical form of Government in both of these countries.

The factors responsible for the decline of the Roman Civilization are as followings :

1. Wars and Luxurious Life : Repeated wars and conquests bent and broke the back of democracy. The luxurious and easeful way of living demoralised the ruling class.

2. Slave Revolts : The number of slaves had out numbered the free men. They grew rebellious and could not be quelled by the ruling class.

3. The Weakness of Emperors : The Roman emperors being incompetent and weak could not face the invaders.

4. Spread of Christianity : The Christian religion gave meassage of love and equality. It weakened the rule of emperors since it created rebellions feeling among the slaves.

5. Raids and invasions : Invaders and raiders shattered the Roman Civilization.

Ranga believed he needed to find the right girl to get married. He believed if he would ever marry a girl, she would be mature, not a very young girl. Besides, he wanted to marry a girl whom he admired. He was not in favour of arranged marriage. His views changed outright when he saw Ratna. Ratna was Rama Rao’s niece, a pretty girl of eleven, had come to stay with him. She was from a big town, so she knew how to play the veena and the harmonium. She also had a sweet voice. Both her parents had died, and her uncle had brought her home. The narrator decided to have Ranga and Ratna married.
 

During the ancient civilization the Roman society was divided mainly among three classes :

(i) The Particians or the Rich.

(ii) The Plebeians or the Common People.

(iii) The Slaves.

In Rome, the slaves were employed in agriculture, mining, road construction, workshops and on ships. They were brutally exploited and as a result of it, many used to become crippled in the very young age.

The Roman made a calender on the basis of his knowledge of astronomy. July was named after Julius Caesar and August was named Augustus. September, October, November and December were named after Latin languages which meant seventh, eight, ninth and tenth. The Romans too had a knowledge of medical science.

Patricians: The patricians were the ruling class of the early Roman Empire. Only certain families were part of the patrician class and you had to be born a patrician. The patricians were only a small percentage of the Roman population, but they held all the power.

Plebeians: All the other citizens of Rome were Plebeians. Plebeians were the farmers, craftsmen, laborers, and soldiers of Rome.

Roman's contribution:

1. The Roman laws are the basis of the law of many European countries.
2. The Roman Code of Laws was made by emperor Justinian on this basis, the laws of Germany, France, Italy and Spain were made England also got great help from this Code of Laws.
3. The greatest contribution of Roman intelligence is their law. Their law was based on reasoning. 

At first Kingship was established in Rome. Many centuries later Democratic Government was formed in Rome.

The development of writing
People living in southern Mesopotamia developed one of the earliest writing systems in the world. The system was developed so that information could be recorded
This writing system began with pictures or signs drawn on clay tablets. The signs changed over many years, and this is the story of what happened to just one of the signs. 
 The development of writing
Around 3100 B.C. people began to record amounts of different crops. Barley was one of the most important crops in southern Mesopotamia and when it was first drawn it looked like this.
Scribes drew the sign on soft clay tablets using a pointed tool, probably made out of a reed.

Daily life in ancient Mesopotamia cannot be described in the same way one would describe life in ancient Rome or Greece. Mesopotamia was never a single, unified civilization, not even under the Akkadian Empire of Sargon the Great. Generally speaking, though, from the rise of the cities in c. 4500 BCE to the downfall of Sumer in 1750 BCE, the people of the regions of Mesopotamia did live their lives in similar ways. The civilizations of Mesopotamia placed a great value on the written word. Once writing was invented, c. 3500-3000 BCE, the scribes seem almost obsessed with recording every facet of their cities lives and, because of this, archaeologists and scholars in the present day have a fairly clear understanding of how the people lived and worked. The American author Thornton Wilder once wrote, “Babylon once had two million people in it, and all we know about `em is the names of the kings and some copies of wheat contracts and the sales of slaves” (Our Town). Wilder was writing fiction, of course, not history, and there was much about Mesopotamian history still unknown at the time he wrote his play; still he was wrong about what the modern world, even the world of his day, knew about the people of Mesopotamia. We actually know a good deal more than just the names of kings and the sales of slaves.

Temples overtime developed huge structures, built in shape of step pyramids. But early temple were much like house. They were small shrines made of unbaked bricks except that had outer walls going in and out at regular intervals unlike ordinary building. Early temples were like a house because:
(i) The temple symbolize the community as a whole and was the nucleus around which the city developed.
(ii) It was here that the processing of produce- grain grinding, spinning, weaving was done as in household.
(iii) The rulers of early Mesopotamia's cities were priests.They lived and administered from there. Since temples were used for residential purposes they looked like houses.
(iv) The complex was not only a place of rituals and worship but contained warehouses, workshops and living quarters of artisans.

Hammurabi was a famous king of Babylonia. He got prepared the world's first Code of Laws. He also got it engraved on a very big stone shaft in the form of 282 articles.

These laws were connected with trade, exchange of money, payment of taxes, theft, murder etc. Most of the laws were based on the principal of "An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth".

The contributions:

• The Mesopotamians were the first people to introduce the use of the potter's wheel to the world.
• They were the first to enter into written trade agreement.
• They also introduced to the world the idea of a written Code of Law.
• They were the first people to divide a day into 24 hours, an hour into 60 minutes and a minute into 60 seconds.
• They were first to develop a script and established the libraries and reading rooms.

बेबीलोनिया को दक्षिणी कछार के एक शूरवीर नैबोपोलास्सर ने 625 ई.पू. में मुक्त कराया

• Continental drift theory was proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912.
• It was first put forward by Abraham Ortelius in 1596 before fully being developed by Alfred Wegener.
• The theory deals with the distribution of the oceans and the continents.
• According to Wegener’s Continental Drift theory, all the continents were one single continental mass (called a Super Continent) – Pangaea and a Mega Ocean surrounded this supercontinent. The mega ocean is known by the name Panthalassa.
• Although Wegener’s initial theory did not cover mantle convection until Arthur Holmes later proposed the theory.
• The supercontinent was named Pangaea (Pangea) and the Mega-ocean was called Panthalassa.
• According to this theory, the supercontinent, Pangaea, began to split some two hundred million years back.
• Pangaea first split into 2 big continental masses known as Gondwanaland and Laurasia forming the southern and northern modules respectively.
• Later, Gondwanaland and Laurasia continued to break into several smaller continents that exist today.