input devices micro phone, keyboard,mouse,scanner,touch pad etc output device monitor,printer, speakers etc.memory devices harddisk, pendrive etc.

The devices that are used to display the information of the results are known as output devices. While the devices whose main function is to give instructions and data to the computer are called input devices.The various examples of input data are a mouse, keyboard, light pen, etc.

Let the 2 vectors be A and B and their resultant be R.

To prove :- A=B=R.

.

For an easier way, Let us use this relation to find out theta when A=B=R.

.

R^2 = A^2 + B^2 + 2ABCostheta

.

Here A^2 = B^2 = R^2 ,

Hence, R^2 = R^2 + R^2 + 2R^2 (Costheta)

.

R^2 = 2R^2 + 2R^2 (Costheta)

Cos theta = (R^2 - 2R^2) / 2R^2 = (-R^2) / 2R^2

Cos theta = -1/2

Hence theta = 120 degrees.

.

Economic was regarded as a social science because it use scientific methods to build theories that can help explain the behaviour of individuals, group and organization. Economic attempts to explain economic behaviour, which arises when scarce resources are exchange.

Sources: There is a rich collection of sources to study Roman history, like - texts, documents and material remains.  1. Archaeological : a) Amphitheater, b) Amphorae, c) Colosseum, d) Statues, e) Aqueducts 2. (Literary) Written : (A) Texts -  Histories written by Contemporary Historians (B) Documents 3. Aerial Photographs Documentary sources include mainly inscriptions and papyri. Inscriptions were usually cuton stone, so a large number survive, in both Greek and Latin. The ‘papyrus’ was a reed-like plant that grew along the banks of the Nile in Egypt and was processed to produce a writing material that was very widely used in everyday life. Thousands of contracts, accounts, letters and official documents survive ‘on papyrus’ and have been published by scholars who are called ‘papyrologists. Boundaries of Roman Empire The ancient Roman empire which was spread across the three continents namely - Europe, Asia and Africa.  To the North, the boundaries of the empire were formed by two great rivers - the Rhine and the Danube. To the South, by the huge expanse of desert called the Sahara. To the East river Euphrates and to the West Atlantic Ocean. This vast stretch of territory was the Roman Empire. That is why Roman Empire is called an Empire across Three Continents. The Mediterranean Sea is called the heart of Rome’s empire. Division of Roman Empire:  The Roman Empire can broadly be divided into two phases, ‘early’ and‘late’, divided by the third century as a sort of historical watershed between them. In other words, the whole period from the beginning of Roman Empire to the main part of the third century can be called the ‘early empire’, and the period from the third century to the end called the ‘late empire’ or 'late antiquity'. THE EARLY EMPIRE Administration: i. The Army - ii. The Senate - iii. the Aristocracy - iv. The Emperor - v. Republic - vi. Provincial Territory - vii. Taxation Many languages were spoken in the empire, but for the officially Latin and Greek were the most widely used. The regime established by Augustus, the first emperor, in 27 BCE was called the ‘Principate’ (which means he was ‘leading citizen’, 'Princeps' in Latin, not the absolute ruler). He ruled till 14 BCE and brought to an end the chaotic condition prevailing in Roman empire. The Principate was advised by the Senate, which had existed in Rome for centuries. This body which had controlled Rome earlier, in the days when it was a Republic, and remained a body representing the aristocracy, that is, the wealthiest families of Roman and, later, Italian descent, mainly landowners. Next to the emperor and the Senate, the other key institution of imperial rule was the army. Rome had professional conscripted army, which was forcibly recruited. Military service was compulsory for certain groups or categories of the population for a minimum of 25 years. The emperor, the aristocracy and the army were the three main ‘players’ in the political history of the empire. The success of individual emperors depended on their control of the army, and when the armies were divided, the result usually was civil war. Except for one notorious year (69 CE), when four emperors mounted the throne in quick succession. Emperors:  a) Nero, b) Julius Caesar, c) Octavian Augustus, d) Tiberius, e) Trajan Roman empire made unprecedented growth in the field of literature during Augustan age. Augustus played a significant role in expansion of Roman empire.  The ‘Augustan age’ is remembered for the peace it ushered in after decades of internal strife and centuries of military conquest. Augustus appointed Tiberius, his adopted son, as his successor who ruled from 14-37 CE. The empire he was already so vast that further expansion was felt to be unnecessary. Trajan was a famous Roman emperor who ruled from 98-117 CE. He made an immense contribution in expanding Roman empire. The only major campaign of expansion in the early empire was Trajan’s fruitless occupation of territory across the Euphrates, in the years 113-17 CE abandoned by his successors. Territories: The Roman Empire had two types of territories - dependent kingdoms and provincial territory. The Near East was full of dependent kingdoms but they disappeared and were swallowed up by Rome. These kingdoms were exceedingly wealthy, for example Herod’s kingdom yielded 5.4million denarii per year, equal to over 125,000 kg of gold per year. A city in the Roman Empire was an urban centre with its own magistrates, city council and a ‘territory’ containing villages which were under its jurisdiction. Thus, one city could not be in the territory of another city, but villages almost always were included. THE THIRD CENTURY CRISIS:  The first two centuries were free from civil war, therefore, it was known as period of peace, prosperity and economic expansion. External warfare was also much less common in the first two centuries. But the third century brought in the first sign of internal conflict.  From the 230s, the Roman Empire found itself fighting on several fronts simultaneously. An aggressive dynasty called the ‘Sasanians',  emerged in 225 which expanded rapidly just within 15 years in the direction of the Euphrates. Shapur I, the Iranian ruler, claimed he had crushed Roman army of 60,000 and even captured the eastern capital of Antioch.  Simultaneously, a whole series of Germanic tribes or rather tribal confederacies began to move against the Rhine and Danube frontiers, and the  entire period from 233 to 280 saw repeated invasions of a whole lone of provinces that stretched from the Black Sea to the Alps and Southern Germany. The Romans were forced to abandon much of the territory beyond the Danube. There was a rapid succession of emperors in this century (25 emperors in 47 years!) is an obvious symptom of the strains faced by the empire in this period. Gender, Literacy, Culture The system of nuclear family in the Roman society was one of its modern feature. The family used to be patriarchal in nature. Slaves were included in the family.  Marriages were generally arranged, and there is no doubt that women were often subject to domination by their husbands. The literacy rate was casual and varied greatly between different parts of the empire. The cultural diversity of the empire was reflected in many ways. Numerous languages that were spoken in Roman Empire were - Aramaic, Coptic,Punic, Berber and Celtic. But many of these linguistic cultures were purely oral, at least until a script was invented for them.  Among the above mentioned languages Armenian began to be written as late as the fifth century. A. Sources of Entertainment Colosseum - Huge place where gladiators fought with beast. It could accommodate 60,000 people. Amphitheatre - It was used for military drill and for staging entertainments for the soldiers. Urban populations also enjoyed a much higher level of entertainment, for example, one calendar tells us that spectacula (shows) filled no less than 176 days of the year!  B. CRAFT & INDUSTRY Minting Mining Amphorae Making Papyrus scrolls Public baths were a striking feature of Roman urban life Economic expansion  The empire had a substantial economic infrastructure of harbours, mines, quarries, brickyards, olive oil factories, etc. Wheat, wine and olive-oil were traded and consumed in huge quantities, and they came mainly from Spain, the Gallic provinces, North Africa, Egypt and, to a lesser extent, Italy, where conditions were best for these crops. Liquids like wine and olive oil were transported in containers called ‘amphorae’.Spanish producers succeeded in capturing markets for olive oil from their Italian counterparts. This would only have happened if Spanish producers supplied better quality oil at lower prices. The Spanish olive oil of this period was mainly carried in a container called ‘Dressel 20’. The empire included many regions that had a reputation for exceptional fertility. Italy, Sicily, Egypt and southern Spain were all among the most densely settled or wealthiest parts of the empire. The best kinds of wine, wheat and olive oil came mainly from numerous estates of these territories. Diversified applications of waterpower around the Mediterranean as well as advances in water-powered milling technology, the use of hydraulic mining techniques in the Spanish gold and silver mines and the gigantic industrial scale on which those mines were worked. The existence of well-organized commercial and banking networks and the widespread use of money are all indications of Roman economy. A strong tradition of Roman law had emerged by the fourth century, and this acted as a brake on even the most fearsome emperors. WORKERS: Slavery was an institution deeply rooted in the ancient world, both in the Mediterranean and in the Near East, and and not even Christianity when it emerged and triumphed as the state religion (in the fourth century) seriously challenged this institution. Under Augustus there were still 3 million slaves in a total Italian population of 7.5 million. With establishment of peace in the first century, the supply of slaves tended to decline and the users of slave labour had to turn either to slave breeding or to cheaper substitutes. The Roman agricultural writers paid a great deal of attention to the management of labour. Columella, a first-century writer who came from the south of Spain, recommended that landowners should keep a reserve stock of implements and tools, twice as many as they needed, so that production could be continuous, ‘for the loss in slave labour time exceeds the cost of such items’. The position of slave in Roman Empire was miserable as they were forced to work on the estate for 10 to 18 hours.  SOCIAL DIVISION (A) Presbyterian (i) The Aristocratic class (ii) Second Class (B) Plebeian (i) The lower Class (ii) Slaves The social structures of the empire as follows: Senators, Equites (horse men and knights), the respectable section of the people (middle class), lower class and finally the slaves. In the early third century when the Senate numbered roughly 1,000, approximately half of all senators still came from Italian families. By the late empire,the senators and the Equites had merged into a unified and expanded aristocracy. The ‘middle’ class now consisted of the considerable mass of persons connected with imperial service in the bureaucracy. Below them were the vast mass of the lower classes known collectively ashumiliores (literally- ‘Lower’).They comprised a rural labour force. The late Roman bureaucracy, both the higher and middle echelons, was a comparatively affluent group because it drew the bulk of its salary in gold and invested much of this in buying up assets like land.  There was a great deal of corruption, especially in the judicial system and in the administration of military supplies.

What ch.3 ??

The teachings are: 

1. There is one all powerful God, ‘Allah’ and Muhammad is his Prophet.
2. Idol worship is a sin.
3. All the Muslims are equal and should regard themselves as brothers.
4. A Muslim must not eat Pork.
5. He must not lend money on interest.
6. He must follow certain rules laid down regarding marriage and divorce.
7. He should have faith in the revelations of ‘Quoran’ which is the holy book of the Muslims.

 

Thanks for telling

Relation: total utility is the summation of marginal utility.

Total utility is the sum total of utility derived from the consumption of all the units of a commodity. To illustrate, if 2 units of a commodity are consumed and 1st unit yields satisfaction of 10 utils, while 2nd unit yields satisfaction of 9 utils, then total utility is 19 utils.

Marginal utility refers to additional utility obtained from the consumption of an additional unit  of a commodity. To illustrate, if 10th  unit yields satisfaction of 100 utils, while 11th unit yields satisfaction of 105 utils, then marginal utility derived from the 11 th unit is 5 utils.

1

1 according to bodmas

8 ÷ 2(2 + 2) = 8 ÷ 2(4) = 8÷ 8 = 1

Secondary data refers to data that is collected by someone other than the user. Common sources of secondary data for social science include censuses, information collected by government departments, organizational records and data that was originally collected for other research purposes. Secondary data means data that are already available i.e., they refer to the data which have already been collected and analysed by someone else. When the researcher utilises secondary data, then he has to look into various sources from where he can obtain them. Primary data: Data collected by the investigator himself/ herself for a specific purpose. Examples: Data collected by a student for his/her thesis or research project. ... Secondary data: Data collected by someone else for some other purpose (but being utilized by the investigator for another purpose).

<font face="Arial"><font color="#404040">Reasons for the Decline of </font></font><font face="Arial"><font color="#404040">Feudalism</font></font> <font face="Arial"><font color="#363636">The reasons for the decline of Feudalism during the Medieval period of the Middle Ages included:</font></font> <font face="Arial"><font color="#363636">The Crusades and travel during the Middle Ages opened new trade options to England</font></font> <font face="Arial"><font color="#363636">England started to move from land based economy to a money based economy</font></font> <font face="Arial"><font color="#363636">The Black Death - this reduced the population of England by one third. Labour became a valuable commodity</font></font> <font face="Arial"><font color="#363636">The Peasants Revolt - Peasants realised their worth and demanded changes. Charters were granted but ignored by nobles</font></font> <font face="Arial"><font color="#363636">More trade saw the growth of more towns</font></font> <font face="Arial"><font color="#363636">Peasants moved away from the country into towns they were eventually allowed to buy their freedom</font></font> <font face="Arial"><font color="#363636">Land was rented and the rights of lords over labour decreased</font></font> <font face="Arial"><font color="#363636">The Feudal Levy was unpopular and as time went by Nobles preferred to pay the King rather than to fight and raise troops</font></font> <font face="Arial"><font color="#363636">Armed men were paid a wage and Medieval warfare was financed by taxes and loans</font></font> <font face="Arial"><font color="#363636">Nobles became weaker - the Kings took back their lands and power</font></font> <font face="Arial"><font color="#363636">A centralised government was established</font></font> <font face="Arial"><font color="#404040">The Decline of </font></font><font face="Arial"><font color="#404040">Feudalism - the Standing Armies</font></font> <font face="Arial"><font color="#363636">The decline of feudalism came when rich nobles were allowed to pay for soldiers rather than to fight themselves. Life changed and Mercenaries were hired from all over Europe. The Mercenaries had few allegiances, except to money, and these paid fighting men were feared throughout Europe. The threat of the Mercenaries led on to the employment of professional, trained soldiers - the Standing Armies and ultimately the end of Middle Ages feudalism in England. </font></font>

Scarcity

Sorry

Wrong your answer right answer is Scarcity

Choice is the outcome of decision making

A chocie has to be made to produce/consume any good which gives maximum satosfaction with the available limited resources.

Tell me chapter name

Problem of choice refers to the allocation of various scarce resources which have alternative uses that are utilized for the production of various commodities and services in the economy for the satisfaction of unlimited human wants
 

For A to be perpendicular to B, A.B should be zero

 

A.B=(2i + 3j- 6k).(3i-xj+6k)=0

 

6-3M-36=0

 

-30-3M=0

 

3M=-30

 

or M=-10

HSO4- is a base on the other side of equation - it is the thing that ACCEPTS the proton, so it would act as a BASE. It is the conjugate base of H2SO4. H2SO4/HSO4- is an acid/conjugate base pair. H20 is the base in the forward rxn, because it accepts a proton, and becomes H3O+. An acid and a base which differ only by the presence or absence of a proton are called a conjugate acid-base pair. Thus NH3 is called the conjugate base of NH4+, and NH4+ is the conjugate acid of NH3. Similarly, HF is the conjugate acid of F–, and F– the conjugate base o

HSO4- is a base on the other side of equation - it is the thing that ACCEPTS the proton, so it would act as a BASE. It is the conjugate base of H2SO4. H2SO4/HSO4- is an acid/conjugate base pair. H20 is the base in the forward rxn, because it accepts a proton, and becomes H3O+. An acid and a base which differ only by the presence or absence of a proton are called a conjugate acid-base pair. Thus NH3 is called the conjugate base of NH4+, and NH4+ is the conjugate acid of NH3. Similarly, HF is the conjugate acid of F–, and F– the conjugate base of HF.

To reach the peak of 10m the energy of spring must be

Mass = 50g = 50/1000kg = 0.05kg

acceleration due to gravity = g m/s^2 (take it as 10m/s^2 or 9.8 m/s^2 as directed in question)

Height = 10m

P = mgh

 = 0.05 X g X 10 J

= 0.5g J

a) The potential energy of spring to throw it to height 10m is = 0.5g J

Taking g = 10; its 5j

 

b) To throw obhect to any height 'H' :

Let force coefficent of spring be = k

k X 0.03 = 5

k = 500/3

To throw it to any height H; compression c should be :

k( c) = mgH

500/3 X c = 0.05 X 10 X H

c = 0.05 X 10 X H X 3/500

Substitute the value of any H, to find out c (how much it needs to be compresssed. c is in metres.

When raw data are processed and converted into meaningful form then it is referred to as Information. A data processing unit (DPU) is a programmable electronic component that processes streams of data. The data is transmitted to and from the component as multiplexed packets of information. To be effectively used in making decisions, data must go through a transformation process that involves six basic steps: 1) data collection, 2) data organization, 3) data processing, 4) data integration, 5) data reporting and finally, 6) data utilization.

<th>BASIS FOR COMPARISON</th> <th>DEBTORS</th> <th>CREDITORS</th>

Meaning	Debtors are the parties who owes debt towards the company.	Creditors are the parties to whom the company owes a debt.
What is it?	It is an account receivable.	It is an account payable.
Status	Assets	Liabilities
Discount	Allowed to debtors.	Received from creditors.
Derived from	Term 'debere' of Latin language which means 'to owe'.	Term 'creditum' of Latin language which means 'to loan'.
Provision for doubtful debts	Created on debtors	Not created on creditors.

converting a Binary to Decimal number would be:

Decimal Digit Value	256	128	64	32	16	8	4	2	1
Binary Digit Value	1	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	1

 

By adding together ALL the decimal number values from right to left at the positions that are represented by a “1” gives us:  (256) + (64) + (32) + (4) + (1) = 357₁₀ or three hundred and fifty seven as a decimal number.

Then, we can convert binary to decimal by finding the decimal equivalent of the binary array of digits 101100101₂ and expanding the binary digits into a series with a base of  2 giving an equivalent of 357₁₀ in decimal or denary.

Note that in number conversion systems “subscripts” are used to indicate the relevant base numbering system, 1001₂ = 9₁₀. If no subscript is used after a number, then it is generally assumed to be decimal.

Repeated Division-by-2 Method

We have seen above how to convert binary to decimal numbers, but how do we convert a decimal number into a binary number. An easy method of converting decimal to binary number equivalents is to write down the decimal number and to continually divide-by-2 (two) to give a result and a remainder of either a “1” or a “0” until the final result equals zero.

So for example.  Convert the decimal number 294₁₀ into its binary number equivalent.

Number	294		Dividing each decimal number by “2” as shown will give a result plus a remainder. If the decimal number being divided is even then the result will be whole and the remainder will be equal to “0”. If the decimal number is odd then the result will not divide completely and the remainder will be a “1”. The binary result is obtained by placing all the remainders in order with the least significant bit (LSB) being at the top and the most significant bit (MSB) being at the bottom.
divide by 2
result	147	remainder	0  (LSB)
divide by 2
result	73	remainder	1
divide by 2
result	36	remainder	1
divide by 2
result	18	remainder	0
divide by 2
result	9	remainder	0
divide by 2
result	4	remainder	1
divide by 2
result	2	remainder	0
divide by 2
result	1	remainder	0
divide by 2
result	0	remainder	1  (MSB)

 

This divide-by-2 decimal to binary conversion technique gives the decimal number 294₁₀ an equivalent of 100100110₂ in binary, reading from right to left. This divide-by-2 method will also work for conversion to other number bases.

Then we can see that the main characteristics of a Binary Numbering System is that each “binary digit” or “bit” has a value of either “1” or “0” with each bit having a weight or value double that of its previous bit starting from the lowest or least significant bit (LSB) and this is called the “sum-of-weights” method.

So we can convert a decimal number into a binary number either by using the sum-of-weights method or by using the repeated division-by-2 method, and convert binary to decimal by finding its sum-of-weights.

A Constitution of a country is a set of written rules that are accepted by all people living together in a country. Constitution is the supreme law that determines the relationship among people living in a territory and also the relationship between the people and government. A constitution performs several functions:
(i) It generates a decree of trust and coordination that is necessary for different kind of people to live together.
(ii) It species how the government will be constituted, who will have power to take which decisions.
(iii) It lays down limits on the powers of the government and tells us what the rights of the citizens are.
(iv) It expresses the aspirations of the people about creating a good society.