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The leader of the Jacobin club was Maximilian Robespierre.

The Jacobins or the society of the Friends of the Constitution was the most famous and influential club prior to the French Revolution. 

The Jacobin gots its name from the former convent of St Jacob in Paris. 

It became an important rallying point for people who wished to discuss government policies and plan their own forms of action.

The member of Jacobin club belonged mainly to the less wealthy society which included small shopkeepers, printers, artisans like shoe-makers, watch-makers, servants, daily- wage workers, party cooks etc.

Production Possibility Frontier (PPF) or Production Possibility Curve is the curve which shows the combinations of two goods and services that can be produced with fuller utilisation of a given amount of resources in the most efficient way and with a given production technology.

Avogadro Law

• It states that equal volumes of all gases under the same conditions of temperature and pressure
  contain equal number of molecules. Mathematically,

• The number of molecules in one mole of a gas = 6.022 ×10²³

According to the valence bond theory, Electrons in a molecule occupy atomic orbitals rather than molecular orbitals. The atomic orbitals overlap on the bond formation and the larger the overlap the stronger the bond.

The metal bonding is essentially covalent in origin and metallic structure involves resonance of electron-pair bonds between each atom and its neighbors.

Margo Minco has very aptly and logically titled this short story ‘The Address’. The narrator and her mother were victims of the war. The upheaval forced them to be wanderers. They had no permanent address worth the name. All the ‘nice things’ were at No. 46, Marconi Street. They aroused nostalgic feelings of former times. But their true owner was no more in the world. The narrator resolved to forget them and also the address where they lay.

What happens to the laburnum tree after the goldfinch flies away?

Ans. After singing, the goldfinch flies away into the infinite. The laburnum tree becomes silent and quiet again. Emptiness comes to it and it becomes as dead (silent) as it was earlier.

Philosophy of the Constitution

Values that inspired and guided the freedom struggle and were in turn nurtured by it, formed the foundation for India’s democracy. Given below are the values embedded in the Preamble of the Indian Constitution.

We, the People of India: The Constitution has been drawn up and enacted by the people through their representatives, and not handed down to them by a king or any outside powers.

Sovereign: People have the supreme right to make decisions on internal as well as external matters. No external power can dictate the Government of India.

Socialist: Wealth is generated socially and should be shared equally by society. The government should regulate the ownership of land and industry to reduce socio-economic inequalities.

Secular: Citizens have complete freedom to follow any religion. But there is no official religion. The government treats all religious beliefs and practices with equal respect.

Democratic: A form of government where people enjoy equal political rights, elect their rulers and hold them accountable. The government is run according to some basic rules.

Republic: The head of the state is an elected person and not a hereditary position.

Justice: Citizens cannot be discriminated against on the grounds of caste, religion and gender. Social inequalities have to be reduced. The government should work for the welfare of all, especially of the disadvantaged groups.

Liberty: There are no unreasonable restrictions on the citizens in what they think, how they wish to express their thoughts and the way they wish to follow up their thoughts in action.

Equality: All are equal before the law. The traditional social inequalities have to be ended. The government should ensure equal opportunity for all.

Fraternity: All of us should behave as if we are members of the same family. No one should treat a fellow citizen as inferior.

It all begins when Ranga, the accountant’s son comes back to his village Hosahalli after six months. He had gone to Bangalore to pursue his studies, which to mention, not many in the village get this opportunity. The whole village gets excited to see Ranga and thus, they gather around his home only to see how he would have changed. The narrator has beautifully elaborated about their village Hosahalli and how every authority responsible forgot to mention it in the maps. Moving on, he admires Ranga and wants to get him married but to his dismay, Ranga has very different views about marriage at that point. The Narrator stages the entire union of Ranga and Ratna, Rama Rao’s eleven year old niece. The girl has a very sweet voice and can play Veena and harmonium. At first, the narrator tells him that she is married to see how it affects Ranga. As expected, Ranga was disappointed. The narrator then manipulated the village Shastri to say things in his favour. He then took Ranga to visit him where he predicted that Ranga has a girl on his mind and her name resembles something found in the ocean. Shyama, the narrator guesses her name to be Ratna but again, she is married. On their way back, they confirmed that Ratna is not married only to find Ranga happy and full of hope. On the other hand, the Shastri disagreed on having staged anything predetermined. He claims to have said whatever his predictions showed. However, at the end, Ranga and Ratna are happily married with a three- year old son named after the narrator. Ratna is also pregnant with another child. To conclude, the narrator makes sure that he didn’t bore his readers.

1. Economic responsibility : Basically, a business enterprise is an economic institution. Therefore, its primary responsibility is to produce the goods and services according to the demands of the society and to earn profit.
2. Legal responsibility : The responsibility of every business is to carry out business activities within the laws of the country. Since these laws are meant for the good of the society, a law abiding enterprise is a socially responsible enterprise as well.
3. Ethical responsibility: This refers to the behaviour of the firm expected by the society but not defined by law. For example, respecting the dignity of employees etc.
4. Discretionary responsibility: These obligations are assumed by the enterprises voluntarily. For example: Donation to charitable institutions, helping the affected people during floods, earthquakes, etc. The management of the company is responsible to safeguard the capital investment by avoiding speculative activities and investing the money in healthy business ventures to get good returns.

Molarity

It is one of the most widely used unit of concentration and is denoted by M. It is defined as no. of moles of solute present in 1 liter of solution. Thus,

Molarity = No. of moles of solute / Volume of solution(in Litres)

The creator made an exceptionally expound plan to get Ranga wedded to Ratna. As a matter of first importance, he astutely arranged their gathering at his own home. Also, he took his companion, the Shastri into his certainty and educated him to do and say certain things to Ranga. The arrangement clicked.