In India, separation of functions is followed and not of powers and hence, the principle is not abided in its rigidity. In India, strict separation of powers is not followed as it is followed in the U.S. Apart from the directive principle laid down in Article 50 which enjoins separation of judiciary from the executive, the constitutional scheme does not embody any formalistic and dogmatic division of powers. But a system of checks and balance has been embedded so much so that the courts are competent to strike down the unconstitutional amendments made by the legislature. 

Nature of Separation of Power in India:

• The doctrine of separation of powers is a part of the basic structure of the Indian Constitution even though it is not specifically mentioned in it. Hence, no law and amendment can be passed violating it. 
• The logic behind the doctrine is of polarity rather than strict classification, meaning thereby that the center of authority must be dispersed to avoid absolutism. 
• Hence the doctrine can be better appreciated as a doctrine of ‘check and balance’.
• The system of checks and balances is essential for the proper functioning of three organs of the government. 
• Different organs of the state impose checks and balances on the other. 
• Checks and balances act in such a way that no organ of the state becomes too powerful.  
• The constitution of India makes sure that the discretionary power bestowed upon any organ of the state does not breach the principles of democracy. For instance, the legislature can impeach judges but as per the condition i.e. two-third majority.

Working of separation of power in India:

• If we study the constitutional provisions carefully, it is clear that the doctrine of separation of powers has not been accepted in India in its strict sense. 
• In India, not only there is functional overlapping but there is personnel overlapping also. 
• The Supreme Court has declared void the laws passed by the legislature on many occasions and the actions taken by the executive if they have violated any provision of the Constitution or the law passed by the legislature in case of executive actions. 
• The executives have affected the functioning of the judiciary by making appointments to the office of Chief Justice and other judges in many instances.
• The executive resorting to pass ordinance’s, legislature passing NJAC law, keeping some laws under the 9th schedule earlier to keep it away from Judicial review have upset the balance among them.
• In Ram Jawaya v. Punjab (1955) case, the Supreme Court held up the observation that the executive is derived from the legislature and is dependent on it for its legitimacy.
• In Kesavananda Bharati case (1973), the Supreme Court held that the amending power of the Parliament is subject to the basic features of the constitution. 
• In Indira Gandhi v. Raj Narain (1975) case, the Supreme Court held that adjudication of a dispute is a judicial function and parliament cannot even under constitutional amending power is competent to exercise this function.
• In Swaran Singh’s case (1998) the Supreme Court declared the Governor’s pardon of a convict unconstitutional.

As the doctrine of separation of powers is not codified in the constitution, there is a necessity that each pillar of the State to evolve a healthy trend that respects the powers and responsibilities of other organs of the government. A democracy can thrive only when all the organs cooperate together. It’s time to resolve the differences and move forward with a common goal to take India on great heights.

The earthquake waves cause vibration in the body of the rocks through which they pass. P-waves vibrate parallel to the direction of the wave. This exerts pressure on the material in the direction of the propagation. As a result, it creates density differences in the material leading to stretching and squeezing of the material. Other three waves vibrate perpendicular to the direction of propagation. The direction of vibrations of S-waves is perpendicular to the wave direction in the vertical plane. Hence, they create troughs and crests in the material through which they pass. Surface waves are considered to be the most damaging waves.

A normal good is a good that experiences an increase in its demand due to a rise in consumers' income. In other words, if there's an increase in wages, demand for normal goods increases while conversely, wage declines or layoffs lead to a reduction in demand.

In the chapter 'We're Not Afraid to Die,' Wavewalker was a 23 meter long, 30 ton professionally designed and built boat in which the author, Captain James Cook, intended to undertake his voyage around the world along with his family. The author describes the boat as 'wooden-hulled beauty.'

The author and the members of his family spent many months fitting and perfecting the boat. They tried and tested it in the roughest climatic conditions they could find in their area.

Posters are placards displayed in a public place announcing or advertising something. Posters are notices, advertisements and invitations—all in one.

PURPOSE OF POSTERS
The purpose of designing a poster is either to create social awareness about issues related to current problems and needs, or to advertise or even to extend public invitations and display notices.

DRAFTING POSTERS
Posters should be colourful, attractive and tempting.

1. They must be drafted carefully to attract the attention of the readers, excite their imagination and influence their minds.
2. Posters are read from a distance. Do not give many details in a poster. Highlight only ; important issue/issues.

Answer:

So as she may feed the village Dogs on her returning journey to home.

What has not changed over the years? Does this suggest something to you?                                          

Answer:

The sea has not changed over the years. It suggests that the prominent features of nature do not change much. Human beings come and go, but nature always remains.           

The three phases of the author’s relationship with his grandmother before he left the country to study abroad are given below.

The first phase was the period of the author’s early childhood. During this phase, he used to live with his grandmother in the village. The grandmother used to take care of him from waking him up and getting him ready to accompany him to the school. Both shared a good friendship with each other.

The second phase was the time when the author and the grandmother moved to the city to live with the author’s parents. This was a turning point in their friendship because now they ‘saw less of each other’.

The third phase was the time the author joined the University. He was given a room of his own and the common link of their friendship was snapped. The grandmother turns to wheel-spinning and reciting prayers all day long. She accepts her seclusion with silence.

The word ‘engine’ in the extract denotes the sudden and monotonous noise put up by the young ones of the goldfinch in the nest. The poet has definitely used hyperbole in a beautiful way to compare the sudden eruption of chitterings in the tree to that of an engine starting up.

The three ways in which the author’s grandmother spent her days after he grew up are:

• She lived alone in her room as she had accepted her loneliness quietly.
• She sat at her spinning wheel reciting prayers.
• In the afternoon, she would feed the sparrows for half an hour.

Hooke’s Law, F = -kx, where F is the force and x is the elongation.
The work done = energy stored in stretched string = F.dx
The energy stored can be found from integrating by substituting for force,
and we find,
The energy stored = kx²/2, where x is the final elongation.
The energy density = energy/volume
= (kx²/2)/(AL)
=1/2(kx/A)(x/L)
= 1/2(F/A)(x/L)
= 1/2(stress)(strain)

Mechanism of Urine Formation

The mechanism of urine formation involves the following steps:

Glomerular Filteration

Glomerular filtration occurs in the glomerulus where blood is filtered. This process occurs across the three layers- epithelium of Bowman’s capsule, endothelium of glomerular blood vessels, and a membrane between these two layers.

Blood is filtered in such a way that all the constituents of the plasma reach the Bowman’s capsule, except proteins. Therefore, this process is known as ultrafiltration.

Reabsorption

Around 99 percent of the filtrate obtained is reabsorbed by the renal tubules. This is known as reabsorption. This is achieved by active and passive transport.

Secretion

The next step in urine formation is the tubular secretion. Here, tubular cells secrete substances like hydrogen ion, potassium ion, etc into the filtrate. By this process, the ionic, acid-base and the balance of other body fluids are maintained. The secreted ions combine with the filtrate and form urine. The urine passes out of the nephron tubule into a collecting duct.

Urine

The urine produced is 95% water and 5% nitrogenous wastes. Wastes such as urea, ammonia, creatinine are excreted in the urine. Apart from these, the potassium, sodium and calcium ions are also excreted.

The older generation is surely feeling lonesome and a kind of isolation in the current scenario of both partners of the younger generation working. This is especially felt as it is a changing phase in their life.
The older generation lived and earned for their children. Their world would revolve around the life of their children.They were doing their to best to have a good standard of living and providing well for their children too. The nuclear family trend started at the same time. People felt they wanted to give their kids the best of everything, be it education, comfort, training in sports etc.
They felt they could provide the best with fewer children to take care of. Some people have even done away with one child.
They are feeling the repercussion now when the children are busy leading their own lives and have very little or no time to pay attention to them.
The children may see to their elders' comforts by ensuring the same but what the older generation needs is companionship and a bit of affection shown.

The position of d-block elements is in between the s-block  and p-block elements in the periodic table. These d-block elements are called transition elements because they exhibit transitional behaviour between s-block and p-block elements. Their properties are transitional between highly reactive metallic elements of s-block which are typically ionic compounds and the elements of p-block which are largely covalent.

The Electronic configuration of Cr and Cu are given below ⇒

1. Cr = 24 = 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 4p⁶ 4s¹ 3d⁵

2. Cu = 29 = 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 4p⁶ 4s¹ 3d¹⁰

These electronic configuration are exceptional because electrons entered in 3-d orbitals without filling the 4s orbitals complete.

Reason for the Exceptions ⇒ It is said that d orbitals can be stable if it is half filled or full filled.

Thus, In the given case, electrons reaches near the half filled and full filled thus due to the attraction one electrons from the s orbitals came in d orbitals.

Tutankhamun, also known as Tut, was a teenager when he died. He was the last successor of his powerful Pharaoh Dynasty which ruled Egypt and its empire for centuries. He was laid on rest, heavily loaded with gold.

a. Ur was an important city of Mesopotamia civilization.
b. The city was well known was for its urban planning, with traders, merchants residing in one side of he side.
c. The city of Ur was characterised by long , widening lanes and streets.
d. The houses in the city was also well planned, with open courtyard, chapels, kitchen , two living rooms, the houses were all adjoining,however every house had inner courtyards.
e.The Ur was known for its water and flood control system, which was well in place.
f. There has been enough evidence to prove that Ur was he thriving urban centre and a major port

The royal capital of Mari flourished after 2000 BCE. Mari is situated much further upstream on the Euphrates; rather than on the fertile southern plain. Some communities in the kingdom of Mari had both farmers and pastoralists. Most of its territory was used for pasturing sheep and goats. Exchange of materials was the norm between herders and farmers. But access or denial of access to water resources often led to conflict between herders and farmers. Nomadic communities of the western desert often came to the prosperous agricultural heartland. Some of them also worked as harvest laborers or hired soldiers. Some of them became prosperous and settled down. A few gained power to establish their own rule. Akkadians, Amorites, Assyrians and Aramaeans were examples of such herders.