• City life began in Mesopotamia (Mesopotamia is derived from the Greek words ‘mesos’, meaning middle, and ‘potamos’, meaning river.)
• It is a flat land between the Euphrates and the Tigris rivers that is now part of the Republic of Iraq.
•  In the north, there is a stretch of upland called a steppe, where animal herding offers people a better livelihood than agriculture
• Agriculture began between 7000 and 6000 BCE.
• Soil was very fertile here but agriculture was threatened because of natural causes.
• Ur, Lagash, Kish, Uruk and Mari were some of its important cities.
• The excavation work started 150 years ago.

yes , sorry

a) Active: Brutus stabbed Caesar.

Passive: Caesar was stabbed by Brutus.

b) Let the door be opened.

Under perfect competition, total revenue curve is an upward sloping straight line starting from the origin since MR is constant and MR is the rate of TR.

Ionisation enthalpy: It is defined as the minimum amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from an isolated gaseous atom.
M(g) →M⁺(g) + e^–I₁  = First ionisation enthalpy
Similarly, second and third electrons are also removed by providing successive ionisation enthalpies.
Factors on which Ionisation Enthalpy Depends:
(i) Size of the atom: The larger the atomic size, smaller is the value of ionisation enthalpy. In a larger atom, the outer electrons are far away from the nucleus and thus force of attraction with which they are attracted by the nucleus is less and hence can be easily removed.
Ionisation enthalpy ∝ 1/ Atomic size
(ii) Screening effect: Higher the screening effect, the lesser is the value of ionisation enthalpy as the screening effect reduces the force of attraction towards nucleus and hence the outer electrons can be easily removed.
Ionisation enthalpy ∝  1/ Screening effect
(iii) Nuclear charge: As the nuclear charge increases among atoms having same number of energy shells, the ionisation enthalpy increases because the force of attraction towards nucleus increases.
Ionisation enthalpy ∝ Nuclear charge
(iv) Half filled and fully filled orbitals: The atoms having half filled and fully filled orbitals are comparatively more stable, hence more energy is required to remove the electron from such atoms. The ionization enthalpy is rather higher than the expected value in case of such an atom.
Ionisation enthalpy ∝ Stable electronic configuration
(v) Shape of orbital: The s-orbital is more close to nucleus than the p-orbital of the same orbit. Thus, it is easier to remove electron from a p-orbital in comparison to s-orbital. In general, the ionisation enthalpy follows the following order
(s>p> d>f) orbitals of the same orbit.
Variation of ionisation enthalpy in the periodic table
ln general, the ionisation energy decreases down the group due to increase in atomic size. On the other hand, the ionisation energy increases across the period from left to right, again due to decrease in atomic size from left to right.

The energy of one photon is

E= hc/λ

 = (6.626×10⁻³⁴Js×3×10⁸m/s​)/ 0.57×10⁻⁶

 =3.487×10⁻¹⁹J .

25 watt corresponds to 25 J per second.

The number of photons emitted per second is 25​ / 3.487×10⁻¹⁹=7.17×10¹⁹/s. 

सांख्यिकीय विधियों की सहायता से समंक संकलित किये जाते हैं तथा उन्हें उचित रूप से प्रस्तुत करके उन्हें तुलनात्मक एवं समझने योग्य बनाया जाता है। इससे उचित निष्कर्ष निकालने में भी सहायता मिलती है। सांख्यिकी विधियों के अन्तर्गत निम्न कार्य आते हैं

• समंकों का संकलन करना :
  इसके अन्तर्गत यह निश्चित किया जाता है कि अनुसन्धान के लिए समंक कहाँ से, कितने एवं किस ढंग से एकत्रित किये जायें।
• समंकों का वर्गीकरण करना :
  समंकों को व्यवस्थित कर प्रस्तुत किया जाता है। वर्गीकृत समंकों या आँकड़ों को पंक्ति तथा कॉलम में लिखा जाता है।
• सारणीयन :
  समंकों को व्यवस्थित कर प्रस्तुत किया जाता है। वर्गीकृत समंकों यो आँकड़ों को पंक्ति तथा कॉलम में लिखा जाता है।
• प्रस्तुतीकरण :
  व्यवस्थित समंकों की सरल, सुव्यवस्थित एवं तुलना योग्य बनाने के लिये उन्हें बिन्दु तथा चित्रों द्वारा प्रदर्शित किया जाता है ताकि मस्तिष्क पर उनकी छाप पड़े।
• विश्लेषण :
  समंकों का विश्लेषण सांख्यिकीय विधियों; जैसे-केन्द्रीय प्रवृत्ति के माप, अपकिरण, सह-सम्बन्ध आदि के माध्यम से किया जाता है।
• निर्वचन :
  इनके अन्तर्गत जाँच के विषय के सम्बन्ध में निर्वचन किया जाता है; जैसे-दो तथ्यों के बीच सह-सम्बन्ध है या नहीं।
• पूर्वानुमान :
  भूत एवं वर्तमान के विश्लेषण के आधार पर भविष्य के बारे में पूर्वानुमान लगाये जाते हैं तथा पूर्व घोषणाएँ की जाती हैं।

According to Charles A Bucher, “Physical Education is an integral part of total education process and has its aim the development of physically mentally, emotionally and socially fit citizens through the medium of physical activities which have been selected with a view to realize these outcomes.

parabola passes through the point ( 2,3),hence the coordinates x=2 and y=3 must satisfy the equation of the parabola is x² = 4ay

(2)² = 4a (3)

4 = 12a  a = 4/12 = 1/3.

Hence the equation of the porabola is x² = 1/3y or 3x² = y

Constitution expresses the fundamental identity of people.This means the people as a collective entity come into being only through the basic constitution,this is done by agreeing to basic set of norms and principles then one constitute one’s basic political identity.

Second, in constitutional norms one pursues individual aspirations,goals and freedoms .It also defines the moral identity that one may not. the constitution also gives the moral identity.

Deliberative democracy, school of thought in political theory that claims that political decisions should be the product of fair and reasonable discussion and debate among citizens. ... In other words, citizens' preferences should be shaped by deliberation in advance of decision making, rather than by self-interest.

The nationalist movement was based solely on the topic of secularism and democracy. Thus, the philosophy of the nationalist movement's legacy is the notion expressed to create freedom and fundamental rights with the equality of the nation's citizens.

Leadership is the quality of a person to lead others in a family, society, tribe, group or country.

1. Decision Making: A good leader makes decision to find strategies to win and influence others to solve problems efficiently in minimum possible time. Effective leader must have quality to make wise decisions.
2. Communication: A leader must have good communication skills that  can effectively communicate with others.
3. Leadership Style: The leadership style is effective and productive because effective leader always evaluate the situations & decide quickly.
4. Team Building: Effective leader always develop the unity of team which is required in every competitions for achieving the goals.

The binary number of 8 is 1000

Air contains 20% oxygen by volume. Calculate the theoretical volume of air which will be required for burning completely 500 m³ of acetylene gas. All volumes are measured under the same conditions of temperature and pressure.

A n s w e r

According to Charles A Bucher, “Physical Education is an integral part of total education process and has its aim the development of physically mentally, emotionally and socially fit citizens through the medium of physical activities which have been selected with a view to realize these outcomes.

"Grandmother" was an old wrinkly woman, who couldn't have grown older. She was short, plump and slightly bent. She always wore a white saari, with silver locks covering her face, due to which the narrator describes her as being a "winter landscape in the mountains". She has a calm, gentle and reassuring face. She always has one hand supporting her back while the other is busy in telling the beads of rosary.

She is a saintly woman, quite religious and kind. This characteristics can be observed throughout the lesson, where the grandmother spends all her time in chanting prayers. She is very kind-hearted which is clearly seen from the instances where she feeds stale chapatis to dogs and crumbled bread to the sparrows.

She never shows her emotions, but loves her grand son dearly. Even when the author leaves for abroad she pretends that she doesn't care,but, she has a lot of affection and blessings for her dear grandson.

She is accustomed to old traditions, and isn't really interested in science and modern education. She has an old mindset due to which she revolts when the author tells her about the idea of learning music, as she believes music is a monopoly of harlots and beggars.

Despite her disagreements and conflicts, grandmother is purely a saintly woman with a heart of gold.

(d) pentagonal bipyramid ?

 Iodine heptafluoride, also known as iodine(VII) fluoride or iodine fluoride, is an interhalogen compound with the chemical formula IF7. It has an unusual pentagonal bipyramidal structure, as predicted by VSEPR theory.

ANSWER
In Lyman series, the series of lines are in the Ultraviolet region 

In Balmer series, the series of lines are in the Visible region 

The series of lines in Paschen and Brackett series lies in an Infrared region

Hence, the correct option is Ad

According to law of conservation of mass,

Mass of reactants = Mass of products.

AgNO3 + NaCl = AgCl + NaNO3

xg 5.85g = 14.35g 8.5g

x 5.85 = 14.35 8.5

x. = 17.0g a n s w e r

According to law of conservation of mass,

Mass of reactants = Mass of products.

AgNO3 + NaCl = AgCl + NaNO3

xg 5.85g = 14.35g 8.5g

x 5.85 = 14.35 8.5

x. = 17.0g answer