जनहित याचिका एक ऐसा माध्यम है, जिसमें मुकदमेबाजी या कानूनी कार्यवाही के द्वारा अल्पसंख्यक या वंचित समूह या व्यक्तियों से जुड़े सार्वजनिक मुद्दों को उठाया जाता है. सरल शब्दों में, जनहित याचिका (PIL) न्यायिक सक्रियता का नतीजा है, जिसके माध्यम से एक व्यक्ति या एक गैर-सरकारी संगठन या नागरिक समूह, अदालत में ऐसे मुद्दों पर न्याय की मांग कर सकता है जिसमें एक बड़ा सार्वजनिक हित जुड़ा होता है.

वास्तव में जनहित याचिका, कानूनी तरीके से सामाजिक परिवर्तन को प्रभावी बनाने का एक तरीका है. इसका उद्देश्य सामान्य लोगों को अधिक से अधिक कानूनी सहायता प्राप्त करने के लिए न्यायपालिका तक पहुंच प्रदान करना है.

12

राज्य सभा में 250 से अधिक सदस्य नहीं होने चाहिए - राज्यों और केंद्रशासित प्रदेशों का प्रतिनिधित्व करने वाले 238 सदस्य और राष्ट्रपति द्वारा नामित 12 सदस्य।

The Rajya Sabha should consist of not more than 250 members - 238 members representing the States and Union Territories, and 12 members nominated by the President.

मौलिक अधिकार यूएसए से लिए गए हैं

सच्चिदानंद सिन्हा को सभा का अस्थायी अध्‍यक्ष चुना गया.

42वें संशोधन अधिनियम 1976 द्वारा हमारे वर्तमान संविधान के भाग 4 में मौलिक कर्तव्य शामिल किये थे। वर्तमान में अनुच्छेद 51 A के तहत हमारे संविधान में 11 मौलिक कर्तव्य हैं जो कानून द्वारा वैधानिक कर्तव्य हैं और प्रवर्तनीय भी हैं। मौलिक अधिकारों को स्थापित करने के पीछे का उद्देश्य नागरिकों द्वारा अपने मौलिक अधिकारों का आदान-प्रदान कर अपने कर्तव्यों के दायित्वों पर जोर देकर उनका आनंद उठाना था।

A) संविधान का पालन करे और उसके आदर्शों एवं  संस्थाओं, राष्ट्रध्वज तथा राष्ट्रगान का आदर करे

संविधान का पालन करने और इसके आदर्शों एवं संस्थानों, राष्ट्रीय ध्वज और राष्ट्र गान के संदर्भ में- प्रत्येक नागरिक का यह कर्तव्य है कि वह आदर्शों का सम्मान करे जिसमें स्वतंत्रता, न्याय, समानता, भाईचारा और संस्थाएं अर्थात् संस्थान, कार्यपालिका, विधायिका और न्यायपालिका शामिल है। इसलिए किसी भी अंसंवैधानिक गतिविधियों में लिप्त हुए बिना संविधान की गरिमा बनाए रखना हम सब का कर्तव्य है। संविधान में यह भी उल्लेख किया गया है कि यदि कोई भी नागरिक को राष्ट्रध्वज तथा राष्ट्रगान का अनादर करता है तो संविधान के प्रति वह दंड का भागीदार होगा। एक संप्रभु राष्ट्र के नागरिक के रूप संविधान का आदर करना सबका कर्तव्य है।

B) स्वतंत्रता के लिए हमारे राष्ट्रीय स्वाधीनता आंदोलन को प्रेरित करने वाले उच्च आदर्शों का सम्मान करे

भारत के नागरिक को उन महान आदर्शों का ध्यान रखते हुए पालन करना चाहिए जो स्वतंत्रता के लिए हमारे राष्ट्रीय आंदोलन की प्रेरणा का स्त्रोत बने। एक समाज का निर्माण और स्वतंत्रता, समानता, अहिंसा, भाईचारा और विश्व शांति के लिए एक संयुक्त राष्ट्र का निर्माण करना हमारे आदर्श है। यदि भारत के नागरिक इन आर्दशों के प्रति सचेत और प्रतिबद्ध हैं, तो अलगाववादी प्रवृत्तियां कहीं भी कहीं भी जन्म नहीं ले सकती है।

C) भारत की समप्रभुता, एकता और अखंडता की रक्षा करे और अक्षुण्ण बनाए रखे:

यह भारत के सभी नागरिकों के सबसे प्रतिष्ठित राष्ट्रीय दायित्वों में से एक है। भारत में जाति, धर्म, लिंग, भाषा के आधार पर लोगों की विशाल विविधता है। यदि देश की आजादी और एकता पर कोई खतरा उत्पन्न होता है तो तब संयुक्त राष्ट्र की कल्पना करना संभंव नहीं है। इसलिए संप्रभुता लोगों के पास हमेशा रहती हैं। इसे फिर से स्मरित किया जाता है जैसा कि प्रस्ताव में इसका उल्लेख पहले भी किया गया है और मौलिक अधिकारों की धारा 19 (2) के तहत भारत की संप्रभुता और अखंडता के हित में भाषण और अभिव्यक्ति की स्वतंत्रता के उचित प्रतिबंधों की अनुमति प्रदान की गयी है।

भारत के संविधान को 60 देशों के संविधान को पढ़कर बनाया गया है।भारत के संविधान के ज्यादातर वस्तुएं भारतीय अधिनियम 1935 से लिया हुआ है।उसके आलवा अधिकार अमरीका के संविधान से,मूल कर्तव्य रूस के संविधान छे,राज्य नीति ना मार्गदर्शक सिद्धांत आयरलैंड के संविधान छे,राज्यपाल के चुनाव प्रक्रिया कनाडा के संविधान छे,कटोकती में उपबंध जर्मनी के संविधान से ओर कायदा द्वारा स्थापित प्रक्रिया जापान से ऐसी लिए संविधान को उधार का संविधान कहा जाता है।

 School should be a platform from where the students can hone their talents. However, it is unfortunate that our system has turned education into a demanding monster. Education received in the school may not be the true education. True education promotes free growth and all-round development. But, the school system interferes with such development. There are a lot of restrictions and formalities in the form of assessments and activities. They are very time consuming and dreary.   The modern education system does not leave any space for a child to nurture his/her individual talent. They are all burdened with rote-learning which is measured by grades. This kind of system is almost claustrophobic for individual talent and a hindrance to the holistic development of a child. 

प्रत्येक पार्टी चुनावों से पहले अपने प्रत्याशियों की एक प्राथमिकता सूची जारी कर देती है और अपने उतने ही प्रत्याशियों को उस प्राथमिकता सूची से चुन लेती है जितनी सीटों का कोटा उसे दिया जाता है। चुनावों की इस व्यवस्था को ‘समानुपातिक प्रतिनिधित्व प्रणाली’ कहते हैं।

इस प्रणाली में किसी पार्टी को उतनी ही प्रतिशत सीटें मिलती हैं जितने प्रतिशत उसे वोट मिलते हैं।

समानुपातिक प्रतिनिधित्व के दो प्रकार होते हैं:- 

(i) कुछ देशों जैसे इज़राइल या नीदरलैंड में पूरे देश को एक निर्वाचन क्षेत्र माना जाता है और प्रत्येक पार्टी को राष्ट्रीय चुनावों में प्राप्त वोटों के अनुपात में सीटें दे दी जाती हैं।

(ii) दूसरा तरीका अर्जेंटीना और पुर्तगाल में देखने को मिलता है जहाँ पूरे देश का बहु-सदस्यीय निर्वाचन क्षेत्रों में बाँट दिया जाता है। प्रत्येक पार्टी प्रत्येक निर्वाचन क्षेत्र के लिए अपने प्रत्याशियों की एक सूची जारी करती है जिसमें उतने ही नाम होते हैं जितने प्रत्याशियों को उस निर्वाचन क्षेत्र से चुना जाना होता है। इन दोनों ही रूपों में मतदाता राजनीतिक दलों को वोट देते हैं न कि उनके  प्रत्याशियों को। एक पार्टी को किसी निर्वाचन क्षेत्र में जितने मत प्राप्त होते हैं उसी आधर पर उसे उस निर्वाचन क्षेत्र में सीटें दे दी जाती हैं| 

संप्रभु: इसका मतलब है कि भारत एक स्वतंत्र या स्वतंत्र देश है। यह किसी भी विदेशी शक्ति द्वारा नियंत्रित नहीं है और उन्हें देश के किसी भी आंतरिक या बाहरी मामलों में हस्तक्षेप करने की अनुमति नहीं है। इसका तात्पर्य यह है कि यह अपनी घरेलू और विदेशी नीतियों में से किसी को भी तैयार करने के लिए स्वतंत्र है।
लोकतांत्रिक: इसका मतलब है कि लोगों में राजनीतिक शक्ति निहित है। भारत के लोगों के पास हर स्तर पर अपनी पसंद की सरकार चुनने की शक्ति है - संघ, राज्य और स्थानीय। इस प्रकार, हमारी सरकार को लोकतांत्रिक सरकार कहा जाता है क्योंकि यह लोगों के लिए, लोगों द्वारा, लोगों के लिए 'सरकार है'।
गणतंत्र: इसका मतलब है कि हमारे देश में एक निर्वाचित प्रमुख, राष्ट्रपति होता है। वह प्रत्यक्ष या अप्रत्यक्ष रूप से पांच साल की अवधि के लिए चुने जाते हैं। हालांकि, इस तरह के हेड का कोई वंशानुगत अधिकार नहीं है।
समाजवादी: इस शब्द को संविधान में 1976 के 42 वें संशोधन अधिनियम द्वारा जोड़ा गया था। इसका तात्पर्य यह है कि राज्य अपने लोगों के बीच धन का समान वितरण सुनिश्चित करेगा। समाज के गरीब और कमजोर वर्गों के हितों की रक्षा और सुरक्षा के लिए उचित उपाय किए जाएंगे। साथ ही, इसका उद्देश्य अमीर और गरीब के बीच की खाई को पाटने के लिए समान अवसर प्रदान करना है।

Mother's Day is a comical satire. The story is a simple one, yet it strongly condemns the position of women in society. Our mothers and wives work hard daily, turning our houses into homes. They receive no wages and have no weekends off and work all day long, round the clock. Little do we realise the hard work they put in to make it all perfect. We take them for granted and never appreciate them or stop by to drop a word of 'thanks'. The story very clearly states that our mothers and wives have equal right to relax, enjoy their lives and deserve acknowledgement and appreciation. They sacrifice their whole lives building ours'. Husbands stay busy at work and kids are occupied in their own lives. Amidst all this women lose their self trying to contain our world.

How did Andrew assess that night’s work?
Answer:
As Andrew left driller’s house he felt tired. He kept thinking of the work he had done that night. He realised that at last he had done something real. For him it was an achievement.

एंड्रयू ने उस रात के काम का आकलन कैसे किया?
उत्तर:
जैसे ही एंड्रयू ने ड्रिलर का घर छोड़ा वह थका हुआ महसूस करने लगा। वह उस रात किए गए काम के बारे में सोचता रहा। उन्होंने महसूस किया कि आखिरकार उन्होंने कुछ वास्तविक किया था। उसके लिए यह एक उपलब्धि थी।

Just on the second day when they left Cape Town, Wavewalker began to face all kinds of troubles. Strong gales lashed the boat for the next few weeks. The size of the waves was really alarming. They went up as high as the main mast. The captain took immediate steps to save the boat. The boat was slowed down. The storm jib was dropped. Heavy mooring ropes were lashed across the stern. Lifelines were attached. Oilskins and life-jackets were donned. A tremendous explosion shook the deck. A torrent of green and white water broke over the ship. Wavewalker was near capsizing. Her masts had fallen flat. Waves tossed him around the deck like a rag doll. Larry and Herb continued pumping water out like madmen. If they couldn’t make some repairs, they would surely sink. Waterproof covers across the open holes were covered. Most of the water was now being thrown over the sides.

All the urgent steps were taken. Fortunately, they proved quite effective. By the morning of January 6, the wind eased. Wavewalker rode out storm. But still it couldn’t hold for long to reach Australia. Hence, the search for islands began. In the end, Wavewalker had a cheerful landing at lle Amsterdam.

The narrator and his wife plan a voyage around the world just like famous Captain James Cook. They have been preparing and perfecting their seafaring skills for the past 16 years. They get a ship which is 23 meters long and weighs 30 tons wooden-hulled, named Wave Walker. They test it in the rough weather for months.

In July 1976, they all start their journey from Plymouth, England. They sail from Africa to Cape Town which was quite a pleasant journey. Before heading East, the narrator hired two crewmen, Larry Vigil, and Herb Seigler, to help them tackle one of the roughest sea – the Southern Indian Ocean.
They encounter strong and alarming waves during the second day. By December 25, they all manage to reach 35,000 kilometers east of Cape Town. The family, somehow, manages to surpass the bad weather and celebrates Christmas together.

The weather changes for the worse and on January 2, the big waves hit them. They try to slow the ship down by dropping storm jib and hit a heavy mooring rope in a loop across a stern but it doesn’t help much. They carry their life-raft drill, attach lifelines, don life jackets and oilskins.

Later, in the evening, a vertical and huge wave strikes the ship and the narrator is thrown off from the ship. He accepts his ‘approaching death’ and starts losing consciousness. When the ship is about to overturn, a huge wave hit again and turns it right back. He suffers injuries in ribs and mouth. He grabs the guard rail and sails into the ship’s main boom.

He instructs his wife Mary to guard the wheel as he realizes that the ship has water in the lower parts. His crewman starts pumping out the water. The narrator goes to his children’s cabin and checks on them. His daughter, Sue, informs him about a bump on her head which he ignores because his major concern is to save the ship.

The narrator does water-proofing on the gaping holes. This makes water to deviate on the right side. The hand pump gets blocked due to debris and electric-pump gets short-circuited. However, he later finds a spare electric pump and connects it to drain the water. They all keep pumping the water all night long. Their Mayday calls are not answered as they are in the remotest corner of the world.

Sue, on the other hand, has now a swollen black eye and a deep cut in her arm. On being asked by her father about her injuries, she tells him she didn’t want him to worry as he was trying to save them. After 15 hours the situation gets under control. The narrator decides to work in rotation and rests. The water levels are controlled but the leaks were still there, below the waterline.

The ship is in bad shape now. It is not in a condition to reach Australia, and so, they decide to reach the nearest island, lle Amsterdam, a French Scientific base. As their supporting engines were also damaged, the chances of the ship to reach the destination are low.

After pumping the water out continuously for 36 hours, they took a sigh of relief. Only a few centimeters of water was left to be pumped out of the boat. They hoisted the storm jib as the main mast was destroyed. They ate their first meal in two days, some corned beef and crackers. The weather soon started changing and again the black clouds took over by the morning of January 5. His son, Jonathan, told him that he didn’t fear death as long as they were all together. This filled him with determination to fight the sea.

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The struggle continued and the narrator tried his best to protect the weakened starboard side. The same evening, the narrator and his wife sat together holding hands, thinking that their end was near. His children continuously supported him which gave him moral support to keep going.

The Wavewalker sailed through the storm and made it. The narrator then calculated their exact position by working on the wind speed. While he was brainstorming, Sue, gave him a card that she had made expressing her love and gratitude towards the family.

He instructed Larry to steer the course to 185 degrees. He said that if they were lucky, they could hope to find an island by 5 pm. He dozed off and suddenly got up around 6 pm. He believed that they didn’t make it and was disappointed. His son came and informed him about how they reached the lle Amsterdam Island and he called him ‘best daddy’ and ‘best captain’.

They reached the island with little struggle and with the help of inhabitants. The whole team, the family and two crew members, never stopped trying. Their struggle and hard work finally saved them.

Physical education is a course taught in school that focuses on developing physical fitness and the ability to perform and enjoy day-to-day physical activities with ease. Kids also develop skills necessary to participate in a wide range of activities, such as soccer, basketball, or swimming.

Aims and objectives of Physical Education:

(i) To develop the organic systems of the body;

(ii) To develop euro-muscular co-ordination or skill;

(iii) To develop right attitude towards and physical activities in general;

(iv) To develop a desirable social attitudes and conduct;

(v) Development of psychomotor skills;

(vi) Development of understanding and appreciation of the techniques and strategies of sports;

(vii) Preparation for leisure time;

(viii) Elimination of worries and anxieties through deve­loping appropriate interests and habits of engaging in exercise and sports;

(iv) Attainment of knowledge of proper health procedure as related to physical exercise.

(x) To develop correct health habits;

(xi) To serve as an out let for surplus energy, which if pent up, make the child tens, nervous and irritable.

(xii) To meet the challenge of growing indiscipline among the student community by instilling in the younger generation a sense of patriotism, self-reliance and discipline.

(xiii) To give adequate scope for bringing out the aptitu­des and talents of the child.

(xiv) To promote the spirit of certain qualities like sports-man ship, team spirit, leadership, patience, self-restrain co-operation, sociability and those other qualities of character and citizenship.

सांख्यिकी (Statistics) शब्द का प्रयोग दो अर्थों में किया जाता है-(i) एकवचन में तथा (ii) बहुवचन में। एकवचन में सांख्यिकी का आशय सांख्यिकी विज्ञान से लगाया जाता है जबकि बहुवचन से इसका आशय समंकों से लगाया जाता है। सांख्यिकी वह विज्ञान है जो किसी विषय पर प्रकाश डालने के उद्देश्य से संग्रह किये गए आँकड़ों के संग्रहण, वर्गीकरण, प्रस्तुतीकरण, तुलना तथा निर्वचन की रीतियों से सम्बन्धित है।

For mechanical equilibrium of a rigid body, two conditions need to be satisfied:

1. Translational equilibrium: The net external force or the vector sum of all the external forces acting on the body must be zero.i.e 

2.Rotational equilibrium :The net external torque or the vector sum of all the torques acting on the body is zero.

i.e 

Based on the position of the ovary flowers are categorized to 3 types they are
: Hypogynous, Epigynous, and Perigynous flowers.
Hypogynous: Flowers in which the sepals, petals, and stamens are attached below the ovary are called hypogynous, and the ovaries of such flowers are said to be superior. 
Eg: tomato, tulip, and snapdragon.
Epigynous: Flowers in which the sepals, petals, and stamens appear to be attached to the upper part of the ovary due to the fusion of the hypanthium are called epigynous, and the ovaries of such flowers are said to be inferior.  Eg: daffodil
Perigynous: Flowers types in which the hypanthium forms a cuplike or tubular structure that partly surrounds the ovary are called perigynous. In such flowers, the sepals, petals, and stamens are attached to the rim of the hypanthium, and the ovaries of such flowers are superior.
 Eg: cherry, Prunus

According to the Constitution of India, the following are the rules for appointment of the Supreme court Judge.

• Every Judge of the Supreme Court shall be appointed by the President by warrant under his/her hand and seal after consultation with such of the Judges of the Supreme Court and of the High Court in the States as President may deem necessary for the purpose and shall hold office until he attains the age of 65 years.
• Supreme Court held that the consultation with Chief Justice is not binding on the President. But the Court held that consultation should be effective.
• In Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Association vs Union of India 1993, the Court states that the view of the CJI is binding on the President, the Court also held that while advising the President CJI is expected to consult two of the senior-most Judges.
  • CJI is the sole authority to initiate the process of appointment of Judges of the Supreme Court. In case of conflict of opinion between CJI and President, the view expressed by CJI will have a primary.
• In July 1998, the President sought the court’s opinion on core issues relating to the appointment of Apex Court Judges and transfer of High Court Judges.
• The 11th Presidential Reference sought clarification on certain doubts over the consultation process to be adopted by the Chief Justice of India as stipulated in the 1993 case relating to judges appointment and transfer opinion.
• The crux is as follows:
  • In judicial appointments, it is obligatory for the President to take into account the opinion of the CJI.
  • The opinion of the CJI is binding on the Government. The opinion of the CJI must be formed after due consultation with a collegium of at least four senior-most judges of the Supreme Court.
  • Even if two judges give an adverse opinion, then he should not send the recommendation to the Government.

Ectomorphs are characterized as having long, slim, and thin muscles/limbs and low fat storage. Ectomorphs are not predisposed to store fat nor build muscle.

These are the “hardgainers” that can’t gain weight even when they “eat so much.”

1. Skinny.

2.Small joints/ boned.

3. Long arms and legs.

4. Linear physique – “ruler body shape”

5. Small shoulders.

6. Lightly muscled.

7. Small chest and buttocks.

8. Low body fat