Molarity of a given solution is defined as the total number of moles of solute per litre of solution. The molality of a solution is dependent on the changes in physical properties of the system such as pressure and temperature as unlike mass, the volume of the system changes with the change in physical conditions of the system. Molarity is represented by M, which is termed as molar. One molar is the molarity of a solution where one gram of solute is dissolved in litre of solution.

1. Levy of GST : The centre will levy Central GST (CGST) and the states will levy State GST (SGST) on the supply of goods and services within a state. The centre will levy IGST in the case of (i) inter-state supply of goods and services, (ii) imports and exports, and (iii) supplies to and from special economic zones.

2. Exemptions from GST: The centre exempt certain goods and services from the purview of GST through a notification. This will be based on recommendations of the GST Council.

3. Turnover limit under GST and tax right over low turnover entities: GST is applied when turnover of the business exceeds Rs 20lakhs per year (Limit is Rs 10lakhs for the North-Eastern States). Traders who would like to get input tax credit should make a voluntary registration even if their sales are below Rs 20 lakh per year. Traders supplying goods to other states have to register under GST, even if their sales is less than Rs 20 lakh. There is a composition scheme for selected group of tax payers whose turnover is up to Rs 75 lakhs a year.

4. The four-tier rate structure: The GST proposes a four-tier rate structure. The tax slabs are fixed at 5%, 12%, 18% and 28% besides the 0% tax on essentials. Gold is taxed at 3%. The center has strictly demanded and got an additional cess on demerit luxury goods that comes under the high 28% tax. Essential commodities like food items are exempted from taxes under GST.

Other consumer goods which are common items will be taxed at 5%.4. The new GST seems to have two standard rates – 12% and 18%. GST rate structure for the goods and services are fixed by considering different factors including luxury/necessity nature.

5. Tax revenue appropriation between the center and states: The center and states will share GST tax revenues at 50:50 ratio (except the IGST). This means that if a service is taxed at 18%, 9% will go to the center and 9% will go to the concerned state.

6. Input tax credit: Every taxpayer while paying taxes on outputs may take credit for taxes paid earlier by the supplier on inputs. However, this will not be applicable on supplies related to: (i) motor vehicles when used for personal consumption, (ii) supply of food, health services, etc. unless they are further used to make a supply.

Scintillation Counter is an instrument that is used for measuring ionizing radiation. “It comprises of the scintillator that generates photons in response to incident radiation”, a PMT tube is used to convert an electronics and electric signal to process the signal.

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a business approach that contributes to sustainable development by delivering economic, social and environmental benefits for all stakeholders.

CSR is a concept with many definitions and practices. The way it is understood and implemented differs greatly for each company and country. Moreover, CSR is a very broad concept that addresses many and various topics such as human rights, corporate governance, health and safety, environmental effects, working conditions and contribution to economic development. Whatever the definition is, the purpose of CSR is to drive change towards sustainability.

The electrons enter an empty orbital before pairing up. The electrons repel each other as they are negatively charged. The electrons do not share orbitals to reduce repulsion.

When we consider the second rule, the spins of unpaired electrons in singly occupied orbitals is the same. The initial electrons spin in the sub level decides what the spin of the other electrons would be. For instance, a carbon atom’s electron configuration would be 1s²2s²2p². The same orbital will be occupied by the two 2s electrons although different orbitals will be occupied by the two 2p electrons in reference to Hund’s rule.

Calculation of Mode

Mode for Individual Series

In case of individual series, we just have to inspect the item that occurs most frequently in the distribution. Further, this item is the mode of the series.

Mode for Discrete Series

In discrete series, we have values of items with their corresponding frequencies. In essence, here the value of the item with the highest frequency will be the mode for the distribution.

Mode for Frequency Distribution

Lastly, for frequency distribution, the method for mode calculation is somewhat different. Here we have to find a modal class. The modal class is the one with the highest frequency value. The class just before the modal class is called the pre-modal class. Whereas, the class just after the modal class is known as the post-modal class. Lastly, the following formula is a[plied for calculation of mode:

{tex}Mode = l + h \times [(f1-f0)/(2f1-f0-f2)]{/tex}

Here, l= The lower limit of the modal class

f₁ = Frequency corresponding to the modal class,

f₂ = Frequency corresponding to the post-modal class,

and f₀ = Frequency corresponding to the pre-modal class

There are two atoms of Carbon in each C₂H₆ molecules hence 1 mole of C₂H₆ will have 2 moles of carbon atoms. So that Number of moles of carbon atoms in 3 moles of C₂H₆ = 2 x 3 = 6 moles

 now, multiplying numerator and denominator by 2,

                                 =(2*sin 40*sin 80) *sin 20 /(2 cos 40*cos 80) cos 20]

                                 =(cos 40- cos 120)*sin 20/( (cos 120+ cos 40) cos 20

                                 =(2 cos 40 +1) sin 20 /(2 cos 40-1) cos 20

                                 =(2 cos 40*sin 20 +sin 20) /(2 cos 40 cos 20 -cos 20)

                                 =(sin 60 -sin 20 +sin 20)/ (cos 60+sin 20-sin 20)

                                = sin 60/cos 60

                                 =tan 60.

he Ghat of the only World by Amitav Ghosh is a story about Agha Shahid who was a friend of the writer. The writer knew that his friend won't live long therefore, Shahid asks his friend to write about him when he will be dead. The author ought to keep his promise towards Shahid. Both the writer and Shahid studied in the same university that is in Delhi University. As Shahid belonged to Kashmir, in 1975 he moved to America and later Shahid's two sisters also joined later. The writer was impressed by the poems that were written by Shahid. Since then writer never met Shahid. Later from 1998 to 1999 they had frequent conversations and met sometimes. Suddenly one fine day in February 2000 Shahid faces a blackout. The reason of blackout was suggested to be due to cancer. Later in order to be close to his sisters, Shahid moved to Brooklyn and so writer also lived in Brooklyn few blocks away. In April the writer calls Shahid and reminds him about the lunch invitation they had from a friend. 

Shahid spoke to the writer about his death that was approaching and asks the writer to write about him when he will be no more. Since then the writer kept track of all calls, meetings, and talks he had with Shahid. Shahid was admitted to hospital on 21 May 2001.

He became very weak and could hardly stand. The writer met Shahid last on 27 October and Shahid died on 8 December 2001. The writer feels the void without Shahid. While the writer walks into the living room he feels Shahid's presence.