Taxonomy is a science that deals with naming, describing and classification of all living organisms including plants. Classification is based on behavioral, genetic and biochemical variations. Characterization, identification, and classification are the processes of taxonomy.Organisms are classified into similar categories namely kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species.

Plantae is the plant kingdom which includes all plants on the earth. They are multicellular eukaryotes. Typically, they consist of a rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane called the cell wall. Plants also have a green coloured pigment called chlorophyll that is quite important for photosynthesis.

Mycoplasma  is called as the jokers  of plant kingdom as they bear pleomorphic nature. They bacteria have the ability to alter their shape or size in response to environmental conditions.

Volcanoes are grouped into four types:

• Cinder cones
• Composite volcanoes
• Shield volcanoes
• Lava volcanoes

Cinder cones are circular or oval cones made up of small fragments of lava from a single vent that have been blown up. Cinder cones result from eruptions of mostly small pieces of scoria and pyroclastics that build up around the vent.
Composite volcanoes are steep-sided volcanoes composed of many layers of volcanic rocks, usually made from high-viscosity lava, ash and rock debris. These types of volcanoes are tall conical mountains composed of lava flows and other ejecta in alternate layers, the strata that gives rise to the name.
Shield volcanoes are volcanoes shaped like a bowl or shield in the middle with long gentle slopes made by basaltic lava flows. These are formed by the eruption of low-viscosity lava that can flow a great distance from a vent.
Lava domes are formed when erupting lava is too thick to flow and makes a steep-sided mound as the lava piles up near the volcanic vent. They are built by slow eruptions of highly viscous lava.

Metabolic reactions can be demonstrated outside the body in cell-free systems. When an isolated metabolic reaction(s) is performed outside the body of an organism, in a test tube it is neither living or non-living. Hence, while metabolism is a defining feature of all living organisms without exception, isolated metabolic reactions in vitro are not living things but are living reactions. Here, it can also be said that cellular organisation of the body is the defining feature of life forms.

Net Factor Income from Abroad (NFIA)
Simply put, NFIA is the difference between factor income received from abroad and factor income paid abroad. Simply put it is the difference between the factor income earned from abroad by normal residents of a country (say India) and the factor income earned by non-residents (foreigners) in the domestic territory of that country (i.e. India). CSO defines it as "Income attributable to factor services rendered by the normal residents of the country to the rest of the world, less factor services rendered to them by the rest of the world." Symbolically :
NFIA = Factors income earned from abroad by residents - Factor income of non-residents in domestic territory
The normal residents of a country earn factor income not only within the domestic territory of a country but outside it also. Income from outside can be earned mainly in two ways, namely, (i) income from work, and (ii) income from property and entrepreneurship as shown below. Mind, it is a two-way affair since foreigners also earn similar income by working in domestic territory of other country.
(i)    Income from work (Compensation of employees). Income from work can be earned by working in the domestic territories of other countries earning thereby wages and salaries (or compensation of employees). For instance, suppose in 2006-2007, Indian resident scientists, engineers, doctors, dancers, masons, carpenters employed abroad earned factor income of र 10,000 crores whereas similar payments made to non-resident workers employed in domestic territory of India was to the tune of र 8,000 crores. Net compensation of employees from abroad to India would be र 2,000 (10,000 - 8,000) crores.
(ii)    Income from property and entrepreneurship (Rent, interest, profit). Factor income from abroad is also earned by owning property (like buildings, shops, factories, financial assets like bonds and shares in foreign countries) earning thereby rent and interest, Also profit is earned for undertaking entrepreneurial activities of producing goods and services. For instance suppose in 2006-2007, normal residents of India living temporarily abroad earned र 25,000 crores by way of rent, interest and profit and similar payments made to the rest of world were, say र 20,000 crores. Net income from property and entrepreneurship from abroad would be र 5,000 (25,000 - 20,000) crores.
(iii)    Net retained earning of resident companies abroad. This refers to the difference between retained earnings of foreign companies located in a country and the retained earnings of resident companies located abroad. Retained earning of a company is in fact its 'undistributed profit'. For instance suppose in 2006-2007, Indian companies working abroad, after paying profit tax and distributing dividend out of their total profits, retained the balance profit (known as Reserve fund or Undistributed profit) of र 50,000 crores and foreign companies in India retained similar profit of र 65,000 crores. Net retained earning of resident companies abroad would be र (-) 15,000 (= 50,000 - 65,000) crores.
From above-mentioned data, India's net factor income from abroad in 2006-2007 would be equal to र -8,000 [= 2,000 + 5,000 + (-15,000)] crores.
Components of net factor income from abroad. These are as under :
(i)    Net compensation of employees.
(ii)    Net income from property and entrepreneurship (rent, interest, profit).
(iii)    Net retained earning of resident companies abroad.
Significance. Net factor income from abroad is used to differentiate between National income and Domestic income. By adding NFIA to domestic income, we get national income. Symbolically:
National income = Domestic income + NFIA
Domestic income = National income - NFIA