Importance of the Fundamental Rights:

1. Very essential rights: Some rights are incorporated in the Fundamental Rights which very essential for the life of an individual. In fact, in the absence of these rights individual cannot lead the life of a superior human being. So in a modern democracy, it is very essential for the state to guarantee these rights.
2. Essential for the development of personality: Man is not merely a physical being. He has a brain and intelligence. He thinks, understands and wants to express his ideas independently. Fundamental rights fulfill these needs of the individual.
3. Essential for a happy life: Fundamental rights help an individual to meet his material needs. Fundamental rights provide him a scope to follow a business or profession and earn wealth or property so that he might lead a happy life.

Maximum insolation is received over the subtropical deserts. Equator receives comparatively less insolation than the tropics due to presence of clouds. Generally, at the same latitude the insolation is more over the continent than over the oceans because more clouds over the oceans reflect sun rays back into space.

When a force is parallel to the direction of motion of the body, then work done on the body is maximum. Work done will be maximum if the angle between the force F and displacement d is 0^o. If , which is the angle between the direction of displacement and the force applied, is zero, then cos = 1.

The Indian Bill of Rights has been included in Part III of the Constitution. It lays down the foundation of political democracy in the country. But political democracy is hollow if it is not accompanied by economic democracy. A fullness and starvation cannot go together. Part IV of the Constitution deals with the Directive Principles. The aim of the Directive Principles is to establish a welfare state. The Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles are distinct entities in an integrated system. The system is aimed at individual liberty in a welfare state. The rights are guaranteed to the individual. The Directive Principles are the instructions to the state.

There are some essential points of differences between the two are as:

1. Fundamental rights constitute limitations upon State action, while the Directive Principles are instruments of instruction to the Government.
2. The directives require to be implemented by legislation while fundamental rights are already provided in the Constitution.
3. The Directives are not enforceable in the Courts and do not create any justiciable rights in favor of the individuals, while the Fundamental Rights are enforceable by the Courts.
4. In case of any conflict between the fundamental rights and the directive principles, the former should prevail in the Courts.

Cultural and educational rights preserve the right of any section of citizens to conserve their culture, language or script, and right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice. The right to constitutional remedies is present for enforcement of fundamental rights.

Homosporous : In pteridophytes, generally all the spores are of same kind, such plants are called homosporous.
Heterosporous : Some plant of pteridophyta have different kind of spores." These plants are known as heterosporous. eg., Selaginella, Salvinia

“The phenomenon of ejection of electrons from the surface of a metal when light of suitable frequency strikes on it, is called photoelectric effect.
The emitted electrons are called photoelectrons.”
Experimental studies of photoelectric effect under different conditions led to the following important observations—
(i) The electrons are ejected from the metal surface as soon as the beam of light strikes the surface. .
(ii) For each metal, certain minimum frequency of
light is needed to eject the electrons. This is known as threshold frequency and it is different for different metals.
(iii) The kinetic energy of the ejected electrons is
directly proportional to the frequency of the incident radiation and it is independent of its intensity.
(iv) The number of electrons ejected per second from the metal surface depends upon the intensity or brightness of incident radiation but does not depend upon its frequency

When electric current is supplied to a purely resistive conductor, the energy of electric current is dissipated entirely in the form of heat and as a result, resistor gets heated. The heating of resistor because of dissipation of electrical energy is commonly known as Heating Effect of Electric Current. Some examples are as follows:

When electric energy is supplied to an electric bulb, the filament gets heated because of which it gives light. The heating of electric bulb happens because of heating effect of electric current.

When an electric iron is connected to an electric circuit, the element of electric iron gets heated because of dissipation of electric energy, which heats the electric iron. The element of electric iron is a purely resistive conductor. This happens because of heating effect of electric current.

पार्थिव या आन्तरिक ग्रह - बुध, शुक्र, पृथ्वी, एवं मंगल को पार्थिव ग्रह कहा जाता है, क्योंकि ये पृथ्वी के समान होते हैं।

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