Aristotle, a Greek thinker is known as the father of Political Science, because of his valuable contribution to the growth and development of Political Science. He also wrote a book called “ The Politics”.

Mayor 's Relationship:
By using 1st law of thermodynamics,
dQ=dU + pdv
If specific heat of a gas at constant volume
C = (dQ / dT)
C = dU / dT ...................(1 )
If specific heat capacity at constant pressure
C = (dQ / dT)
C = dU + Pdv / dT
C = dU / dT + P(dV / dT)
C C + Pdv / dT (using 1 ) ........................(2)
By applying ideal gas equation for 1 mole
PV = nRT
PV = (1)RT
PV = RT
P dv / dt = R dT / dt
Pdv = RdT
P(dv / dT) =R
Putting dis value in eq 2nd we get,
C - C = R

Diffusion is movement of molecules from an area of their higher concentration to area of their lower concentration.

Facilitated diffusion is movement of molecules from an area of their higher concentration to area of their lower concentration through a cell membrane with help of membrane bound protein channels or carrier proteins.

Active transport is movement of molecules from an area of their lower concentration to area of their higher concentration using energy in form of ATP by pump proteins.

The 5 kingdom classification is largely the most accepted system of modern classification mainly because of the phylogenetic placing of different groups of living organisms.

This system of classification looks more scientific and natural.

There is far less overlap and confusion in this system, as compared to the original two kingdom classification.

Grouping of all unicellular eukaryotes under the kingdom Protista has solved many problems, particularly related to the position of organisms like Euglena.

Separation of prokaryotes into an independent kingdom is justifiable because they differ from all other organisms in their general organization

The five-kingdom classification gives a clear indication of cellular organization and modes of nutrition, the characters which appeared very early in the evolution of life.

The constitution establishes the welfare state at a federal level along with the state level. So, in a welfare state, the main duty of government is the safety of the welfare of the people.

I. Mechanical Solidarity :
(a) Mechanical solidarity is founded on the similarity of its individual members and is found in societies with small populations. It typically involves a collection of different self-sufficient groups where each person within a particular group is engaged in similar acitivities of functions. As the solidarity or ties between people are based on similarity and personal relationships, such societies are not very tolerant of differences and any violation of the norms of the community attracts harsh punishment.
(b) In other words, mechanical solidarity based societies have repressive laws designed to prevent deviation from community norms. This was because the individual and the community were so tightly integrated that it was feared that any violation of codes of conduct result in the disintegration of the community.
II. Organic Solidarity :
(a) Organic solidarity characterises modern society and is based on the heterogeneity of its members. It is found in societies with large populations, where most social relationships necessarily have to be impersonal. Such a society is based on institutions, and each of its constituent groups or units is not self-sufficient but dependent on other units/groups for their survival. Interdependence is the essence of organic solidarity. It celebrates individuals and allows for their need to be different from each other, and recognises their multiple roles and organic ties.
(b) The laws of modern society are ‘restitutive’ in nature that in modern societies, the law aims to repair or correct the wrong that is done by a criminal act. By contrast, in primitive societies the law sought to punish wrong-doers and enforced a sort of collective revenge for their acts. Inmodern society the individual was given some autonomy, whereas in primitve societies the individual was totally submerged in the collectivity.
                           

The role of small business in India are as follows:

1. Major portion in industrial units : About 95% of the industrial units in the country consists of small industries and 40% of the total industrial output is contributed by these industries. 45% of the total exports (direct and indirect) from India are contributed by them.
2. Low cost of production : The cost of production in these industries is very low. Because of low overhead expenses, both -establishment and running costs are low.
3. Quick decisions : Small size of the organisations enables the business firms to take quick and timely decisions and to capture new business opportunities at the right time.
4. Good personal relations : Inherent strengths like adaptability and personal touch enables the small scale industries to maintain good personal relations with both the customers and the employees.
5. Simple and flexible production techniques : Simple and flexible production techniques are used by these enterprises which make them very much suitable for customized production, which means designing a product according to the tastes, preferences and requirements of the customers.
6. Second largest employment provider : After agriculture, these industries are the second largest provider of employment in India. As compared to large industries, they generate more number of employment opportunities per unit of capital invested. Hence, these industries are a boon for an overpopulated country like India.