• Mendel conducted cross-pollination experiments using several true-breeding pea lines. 
• A true-breeding line is one that, having undergone continuous self-pollination, shows the stable trait inheritance and expression for several generations.
• Mendel selected 14 true-breeding pea plant varieties, as pairs which were similar except for one character with contrasting traits.
•  Some of the contrasting traits selected were smooth or wrinkled seeds, yellow or green seeds, inflated (full) or constricted green or yellow pods and tall or dwarf plants. In these green pod is the dominant trait and the yellow pod is a recessive trait. 
• Hence, a green pod is a dominant trait in pea. 

A cross between homozygous round seeds plant (RR) and homozygous wrinkled seeds plant (rr) produced all the F1 offspring with round seeds. This is because the round shape is determined by the dominant allele. According to the Law of Dominance, in a heterozygous individual, the phenotype will be determined by the dominant allele as recessive allele is inexpressive in the presence of dominant allele.

Given, side of an equilateral triangle is 4√3 cm.
Area of an equilateral triangle = √3/4 (Side)²
= √3/4 (4√3)² = (√3/4) x 16 x 3
= 3√3 x 4 = 12 x 1.732 = 20.784 cm²
Hence, the area of an equilateral triangle is 20.784 cm².

Because even though it is a small country, it has diverse population made up of multilingual groups. These multilingual groups have their own interest which might lead to social conflict. to avoid these conflicts they have adopted federalism. 

Wave optics also called Physic optics deals with the study of various phenomena such as polarization, diffraction, interference and other occurrences where ray approximation of geometric optics cannot be done. Thus, the section of optics that deals with the behavior of light and its wave characteristics is said to be wave optics.

When consumer consumes two commodities, then equilibrium is achieved when consumer equates the ratio of marginal utility derived from one commodity in comparison to it's price with the ratio of the marginal utility of another commodity in comparison to it's price which states that consumer is rational in consumption of both the commodities.

Solution

By applying the uncertainty principle,

{tex}\displaystyle \Delta P = \frac {h}{4 \pi \Delta x} = \frac {6.626 \times 10^{-34} }{4 \times 3.1416 \times 0.002 \times 10^{-9} } = 2.63 \times 10^{-23}\ kg\ m/s{/tex}

The uncertainty in momentum is, 
{tex}\displaystyle \frac {h}{4 \pi m \times 0.002 \times 10^{-9} } = \frac {h \times 5 \times 10^{11} }{4 \times \pi \times m}{/tex}

This is much larger than the actual momentum, i.e,  

{tex}\displaystyle \frac {h}{4 \pi m} \times 0.05\ nm{/tex}. Hence, it cannot be defined.

Each alveolus is made up of highly-permeable and thin layers of squamous epithelial cells. Similarly, the blood capillaries have layers of squamous epithelial cells. Oxygen-rich air enters the body through the nose and reaches the alveoli. The deoxygenated (carbon dioxide-rich) blood from the body is brought to the heart by the veins. The heart pumps it to the lungs for oxygenation. The exchange of O₂ and CO₂ takes place between the blood capillaries surrounding the alveoli and the gases present in the alveoli.

Thus, the alveoli are the sites for gaseous exchange. The exchange of gases takes place by simple diffusion because of pressure or concentration differences. The barrier between the alveoli and the capillaries is thin and the diffusion of gases takes place from higher partial pressure to lower partial pressure. The venous blood that reaches the alveoli has lower partial pressure of O₂ and higher partial pressure of CO₂ as compared to alveolar air. Hence, oxygen diffuses into blood. Simultaneously, carbon dioxide diffuses out of blood and into the alveoli.

The four main categories of communication are 

• Verbal –  It is a method that uses speech in the form of speaking to convey a message or information. It is the most popular and effective mode of communication, usually practised during video conferences, phone calls, presentations, one-on-one conversations, and meetings. It supports both nonverbal and written communication.

• Nonverbal – It is basically a practice of gestures, facial expressions, and body language to send information. It can be implemented intentionally and unintentionally when communicating. For instance, a person can smile unintentionally when they hear an interesting piece of information or a pleasant idea. 

• Written – It is all about typing, printing symbols, numbers, letters, and writing to send a piece of information. Sometimes used to record information for evidence or reference purpose. In general, the written style of communication is used in books, blogs, pamphlets, memos, and letters to share and spread information. In the workplace,  e-mail is a common example of written communication.

• Visual – It uses art, photographs, sketches, graphs, charts, and drawings, to pass on the information. It is used especially during presentations to present to give a visual effect and support written or verbal communication. 

'दो बैलों की कथा' प्रेमचंद द्वारा लिखित रचना है। प्रेमचंद अपनी रचनाओं के माध्यम से संदेश देने में माहिर हैं। समाज को अपनी रचनाओं के माध्यम से कैसे जगाया जाए, यह उन्हें बहुत अच्छी तरह आता है। यह कहानी सांकेतिक भाषा में यह संदेश देती है कि मनुष्य हो या कोई भी प्राणी हो, स्वतंत्रता उसके लिए बहुत महत्व रखती है। स्वतंत्रता को पाने के लिए लड़ना भी पड़े, तो बिना हिचकिचाए लड़ना चाहिए। जन्म के साथ ही स्वतंत्रता सबका अधिकार है, उसे बनाए रखना सबका परम कर्तव्य है। दो बैलों की कथा में बैलों के माध्यम से लेखक अपने विचार समाज के समक्ष रखता है। इस कहानी में दो मित्र बैल अपनी स्वतंत्रता को बनाए रखने के लिए संघर्ष करते हैं। यह कहानी दो बैलों के बीच में घनिष्ट भावात्मक संबंध को दर्शाती है। यह कहानी मनुष्य और जानवर के बीच में उत्पन्न परस्पर संबंध का सुंदर चित्र भी प्रस्तुत करती है।

Each alveolus is made up of highly-permeable and thin layers of squamous epithelial cells. Similarly, the blood capillaries have layers of squamous epithelial cells. Oxygen-rich air enters the body through the nose and reaches the alveoli. The deoxygenated (carbon dioxide-rich) blood from the body is brought to the heart by the veins. The heart pumps it to the lungs for oxygenation. The exchange of O2 and CO2 takes place between the blood capillaries surrounding the alveoli and the gases present in the alveoli.

Thus, the alveoli are the sites for gaseous exchange. The exchange of gases takes place by simple diffusion because of pressure or concentration differences. The barrier between the alveoli and the capillaries is thin and the diffusion of gases takes place from higher partial pressure to lower partial pressure. The venous blood that reaches the alveoli has lower partial pressure of O2 and higher partial pressure of CO2 as compared to alveolar air. Hence, oxygen diffuses into blood. Simultaneously, carbon dioxide diffuses out of blood and into the alveoli.

It is quite true freedom is as essential as air we breathe. If you have freedom, you can create any anything; but if you don’t have it, life appears hard struggle. If a man has all the luxuries but no freedom, those luxuries can't make him happy. On the contrary if he has less luxuries, but complete freedom, he will be happy. Freedom is life. Without freedom life is worse than hell.  

Life is all about man attaining freedom. In the past man lived in various types of slaveries. In the Stone Age he strove to achieve freedom ignorance. He learnt to make fire, shelters, clothes, etc. Then with the formation of human societies, various ills such as discrimination on the basis of caste, color, creed, and financial status arose. Then men fought for political, social, and financial freedom.  

Nelson Mandela had to fight war against racial discrimination. He felt choked as he grew up. He had to face discrimination at almost every step. Finally, his struggle bore fruit; he created history when he was elected as the president of South Africa. It is for freedom that he dedicated his life.  

Similarly man’s quest for total freedom is going on. Challenges such as fatal diseases, pollution, advancement of science and technology stand as unconquerable mountains in front of him. Man must work harder to be free of all types of bondages. Only then he can say he is truly free. He is busy making strategies to overcome them. Freedom is essential for man’s happiness. Without it man’s life is meaningless.